დამწერლობის წარმოშობა

damwerlobis warmoSobis istoria -

naxatebidan naxatebamde

azris werilobiT gadmocemis idea, ra Tqma unda, erT dRes ar Camoyalibebula. Tu dRes Cven gvaqvs anbanuri damwerloba da SegviZlia TiToeul fonemas TiTo niSan-simbolo SevusabamoT, Tavdapirvelad es ase ar iyo. damwerlobam misi warmoqmnis Semdgom, gaiara ganviTarebis ramdenime mniSvnelovani etapi, raTa sabolood mieRwia anbanamde.

ra da rogor Caiwera adamianma pirvelad? rogor gamoiyureboda yvelaze Zveli nawerebi? ram gamoiwvia weris sistemis gamartiveba? winamdebare statiaSi SevecdebiT swored am sakiTxebs gavceT pasuxi.

ra aris damwerloba

damwerloba aris simboloebis, anu grafikul niSanTa gamoyenebis saSualeba, raTa vizualurad kiTxviTi formiT gadmoices azri, idea. mecnierebi misi ganviTarebis ramdenime etaps gamoyofen, imisda mixedviT, Tu metyvelebis rogori grZlivoba gadmoicema niSnebiT – fraza, sityva, marcvali Tu bgera. aRsaniSnavia, rom damwerloba warmoadgens kacobriobis udides kulturul miRwevas, vinaidan, mis gareSe adamiani ver aRnusxavda verc erT mniSvnelovan movlenas.

rogor gaCnda damwerlobis Seqmnis idea? ratom ar dakmayofilda adamiani sametyvelo eniT? metyvelebisgan damwerloba swored imiT gansxvavdeba, rom erTi uxilavia, meore ki – xiluli. Tu dRes arsebobs audio-video Camweri, romliTac msoflios nebismier adgils vukavSirdebiT, Zvel droSi uxilavi enis manZilsa da droSi gadacema SeuZlebeli iyo. anu, unda vivaraudoT, rom rodesac garkveul movlenaTa CaniSva da maTi manZilsa Tu droSi gadacema aucilebeli Seiqna, swored maSin gaCnda damwerlobac.

magram amasTanave, warmoudgenelia damwerlobis sruli saxiT Camoyalibeba ganviTarebis im etapebis gauvlelad, romlebic azrisa da ideis gadmocemas martividan rTul formamde miiyvanen. amis magaliTi gvxvdeba Zvel mesopotamiaSi, sadac is erTaderTi damwerloba aRmoCnda, romelmac ganviTarebis yvela etapi gviCvena – dawyebuli martivi naxatebidan, damTavrebuli rTuli Sinaarsis mqone Tixis firfitebiT, romlebmac, Tavis mxriv, safuZveli Cauyares anbanis warmoSobas. am damwerlobis pirvelobas isic adasturebs, rom igi arc erTi adrindeli weris sistemis gavlenas ar amJRavnebs.

proto-damwerloba

yvelaze Zveli naxatebi, rasac Cvenamde mouRwevia, aris gamoqvabulebSi da mRvimeebSi kedlebze gamosaxuli cxovelebi (mag. bizoni, cxeni da a.S.). cxadia, aseT naxatebs damwerlobas ver vuwodebT, vinaidan vxvdebiT mxolod gamosaxulebebs, romlebsac verasdros wavikiTxavT. mecnierTa azriT, maTi Seqmna ar iyo dakavSirebuli mxolod saxviT xelovnebasTan, aramed maTi gamosaxviT adamiani gadmoscemda raRac Sinaarss, mag. rom man mokla es cxoveli, mokla amdeni da amdeni da a.S. gamosaxul cxovelTan erTad umetesad Camosmulia xazebi, rac swored ricxvebis aRmniSvnel upirveles niSnebad miiCneva.

cxeni, safrangeTi, zeda paleoliTis xana

gamoqvabulebSi Sesrulebul naxatebTan erTad arqeologebi sxvadasxva saxis da Sinaarsis mqone Cxirebs, saWdeebsa Tu iarliyebsac waawydnen. dasavleT safrangeTSi aRmoCnda agreTve arwivis daxazuli Zvali, romelic mTvaris fazebis Canawerebs gadmogvcems. Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom es xazebi sxvadasxva periods ganekuTvnebian.

arwivis Zvalze Caxatuli mTvaris fazebis kalendari

  

sabeWdavebi

damwerlobis warmoSoba Tavis dasabams ukavSirebs sul ufro da ufro kompleqsurad ganviTarebul sameurneo saqmianobas. am dros Cndeba sxvadasxvanairi formisa da gamosaxulebis mqone patara formis Tixis cilindruli sabeWdavebi, romlebic svel Tixaze gadatarebis Sedegad sxvadasxva Sinaarsis mqone kompoziciur naxatebs gviCveneben.

cilindruli sabeWdavi da misi anabeWdi Tixaze

Tixis saTvleli figurebi da `konvertebi~

me-20 saukunis miwuruls SuamdinareTSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mecnierebma sruliad ucnauri arqefaqtebi aRmoaCines - eseni iyo sxvadasxva formis Tixis patara figurebi. isini sakmaod did xanas moicaven da Zv. w. 8000 – 1500 ww. TariRdebian. Tavdapirvelad es figurebi SeumCneveli darCaT, vinaidan ar egonaT, rom isini raime ideis matareblebi iqnebodnen. magram arqeologebi TandaTan darwmundnen, rom maTi uyuradRebod datoveba ar SeiZleboda, vinaidan aseTi figurebi mTels maxlobel aRmosavleTSi aRmoaCines. sainteresoa, rom egvipteSi arc erTi msgavsi figura ar aris napovni.

Tixis dasaTvleli figurebi

am Tixis figuraTa ganviTareba SeiZleba or etapad davyoT - adreuli figurebi sadaa da geometriuli formisa – sfero, wre, diski, konusi da a.S., xolo mogviano xanisa – daserili, amokveTili da formamicemulia.

gamoiTqva varaudi, rom isini angariSsworebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda erTgvar sazom erTeulad. sxvadasxva tipis forma sxvadasxva simbolos ganasaxirebda, mag. romelime cxovels, sakvebsa Tu nivTs. fiqroben aseve, rom am figurebs hqonda Tavisi daTvlis sistema, romelic gamoixateboda masze Camosmuli xazebiTa da wreebiT da saSualebas iZleoda, didi raodenobiT daeTvalaT esa Tu is saqoneli.

Tixis dasaTvlel figuraTa gavrcelebis areali

am dasaTvlel figuraTa ZiriTadi funqciis Sesaxeb varaudi mas Semdeg kidev ufro gamyarda, rodesac Zveli mesopotamiis erT-erT yvelaze Zvel qalaq uruqSi Tixis mrgvali formis saintereso WurWlebi aRmoaCines, romlebic zemodan sabeWdaviT iyo dabeWdili. rogori iyo mecnierTa gaoceba, rodesac am WurWlis gaxsnis Sedegad SigniT ukve nacnobi formis Tixis dasaTvleli  figurebi ipovnes!

`Tixis konverti~ da masSi moTavsebuli figurebi

aRmoCnda, rom es iyo mrgvali formis `Tixis konvertebi~, romelTa erTi nawili gauxsneli, zogic – ukve damtvreuli aRmoCnda. maTi Seqmnis mizani ki unda yofiliyo Tavdeboba, garantia sizustisa da utyuaroba Cadebuli figurebisa, romlebic, TavisTavad, sxvadasxva nivTis simbolos warmoadgendnen. Tanamedrove enaze rom vTqvaT, es iyo im droindeli e.w. `Ceki~, romelsac Cven viRebT saqonlis SeZenis dros. rogorc Cans, adamiani fiqrobda, rom Tu es niSnebi jibeSi edeboda an Zafze aacvamda, SeiZleba dakargvoda, an advili iqneboda maTi gayalbeba. am gziT ki, pirovneba, romelic meores nivTebs ucvlida (im dros gavrcelebuli iyo aReb-micemoba, saqonlis e.w. `barteruli~ gacvla), gamoZerwavda misTvis saWiro Tixis dasaTvlel figurebs, gamosaxavda masze saganTa raodenobas, Caawyobda Tixisave `konvertSi~, daaxatavda zemodan figurebs, ris gacvlasac apirebda, Sekravda `konverts~ da gadascemda meore adamians. amiT orive mxare dazRveuli iyo angariSis uzustobisgan. Tu es savaWro SeTanxmeba sakamaTo Seiqneboda, ambis monawileT SeeZloT sxvaTa TandaswrebiT gaetexaT `konverti~ da daeTvalaT saqoneli.

rogorc Cans, saqonlis gacvlis dasadastureblad mogonili aseTi xerxi imdenad mosaxerxebeli iyo maSindeli mosaxleobisTvis, rom es figurebi lusmnuli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli mniSvnelovani teqstebis paraleluradac ganagrZobdnen arsebobas, mas Semdeg, rac Zv. w. me-IV aTaswleulis miwuruls gaCnda damwerloba.

pirveli Tixis firfitebi

qalaq uruqSi Tixis martivi dasaTvleli figurebis garda aRmoCenilia aseve Tixaze Sesrulebuli pirveli naxatebi, e.w. `piqtogramebi~. isini gamoxatavdnen mTel TxrobiT kompozicias, sadac naxatebi erTmaneTTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Semdgom periodSi es naxatebi gadaiqcnen lursmnuli damwerlobis Semadgenel nawilad.

Zvel mesopotamiaSi aRmoCenili yvelaze Zveli Tixis firfitebi daaxl. Zv. w. 3300-iT TariRdeba. es firfitebi Sumerebis mieraa Seqmnili da maTze mxolod cifrebia gamosaxuli. amis gamo maT Camoyalibebul damwerlobas ver vuwodebT, vinaidan mxolod ricxvebsa da piqtografiul niSnebs asaxaven.

Tuki qvis xanis adamiani mniSvnelovani movlenis dasafiqsireblad gamoqvabulis kedlebsa da Zvlebs iyenebda, Zveli SuamdinareTis adamianma sawerad is masala gamoiyena, riTic mdidari iyo misi qveynis buneba da bevrad meti iyo, vidre xe da qva. mesopotamiaSi uxvad moipoveboda Tixa, romelsac aqauri macxovreblebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen mSeneblobaSi. igi aseve kargi masala aRmoCnda sawerad. wyaluxv SuamdinareTSi aseve didad gavrcelebuli iyo lerwami, igive seli, romelic sxva mniSvnelovan funqciebTan erTad (zeTi, samosi da a.S.) saucxood gamodga Tixaze sawer saSualebad. Tixas zeldnen da lerwmisgan gamoTlili grZeli samkuTxa kalmiT martivad gamosaxavdnen masze niSnebs.

e.w. `ludis firfita~

aq gamosaxul firfitas `ludis firfitas~ uwodeben. igi rebusis msgavsia da gviyveba qeris gacvlis ambavs: 135 000 litri (1) qeri (2) gacvlis periodi: 37 Tve (3), am saqmis pasuxismgebeli piri: quSimi (4), sabuTis mizani: saboloo angariSi (5), qeris gacvla - xelidan xelSi (6).

nel-nela es rTulad misaxvedri rebusuli damwerloba gadaiqca nawilobriv ideogramul, nawilobriv ki – marcvlovan damwerlobad. Zv. w. III aTaswleulis miwurulidan vxvdebiT ukve iseT niSnebs, romlebic erT marcvals gamoxataven. Sumerebma daiwyes lursmnuli/solisebri niSnebis kombinaciebis Sedgena. Tavdapirvelad es simboloebi Tavis aRsaniSn sagnebs gamosaxulebiT emsgavsebodnen, Semdgom ki ukve marcvlis aRmniSvnelni gaxdnen. aseTi ideografiul-marcvlovani, lursmnuli/solisebri damwerloba mTels Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi gavrcelda (elamuri, aqaduri, xeTuri, xurituli, ugarituli, urartuli, Zv. sparsuli) da sabolood gadaiqca anbanur damwerlobad, romlis pirveli magaliTia finikiuri anbani.

sainteresoa, rom Sumerebs werasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi terminebi hqondaT: SAR/ŠAR  = `wera~;  naqāru `amokveTa~; DUB.ŠAR `firfita~; ŠID - `kiTxva, daTvla, xmamaRla warmoTqma~; DIŠ SANTAG₄ `samkuTxedi~. cnobilia aseve e.w. `gamocdis teqsti~, sadac mwerlis Segonebas vxvdebiT: SAĜ.NAM.DUB.ŠAR SANTAG₄ – `weris xelovnebis dasawyisi aris soli~.

gadamwerebi Tel barsifidan, siria

damTxvevad ar unda CaiTvalos, rom am epoqidan mogvepoveba aseve damwerlobis nimuSebi babilonis gareTac: aRmosavleTiT - xuzestanSi (irani) da dasavleTiT – egvipteSi. xuzestanis centrSi, suzaSi napovni Tixis firfitebi aseve dafarulia damwerlobis niSnebiT. es ar aris gasakviri. adreul epoqebSi xuzestansa da babilonSi kulturuli ganviTareba TavTavianTi gziT midioda, magram im periodSi, romelzec Cven saubari gvaqvs, es ori regioni kulturulad da ekonomikurad erTnairad viTardeboda. da es iyo mizezi imisa, rom erTnairi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba erTnair saWiroebebs moiTxovda. magram aq aRmoCenili Tixis firfitebi Tanadroulia babilonSi aRmoCenili pirveli Tixis firfitebisa, anu ver vxvdebiT damwerlobis Casaxvis niSnebs, amitom ar gamoricxaven, rom xuzestanSi damwerlobis idea swored babilonidan Sesuliyo.

    rac Seexeba egviptes, damwerloba aq da babilonSi erTi da imave epoqaSi Cndeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom lursmuli/solisebri damwerloba da egvipturi ieroglifebi metad gansxvavebulad gamoiyurebian, mainc saubaria maT kavSirze. arqeologiuri wyaroebidan dasturdeba, rom es ori regioni Zvirfas qvaTa, liTonTa da sxva ZvirfaseulobaTa Zalian xSir gacvla-gamocvlis reJimSi cxovrobda, mag. cnobilia, rom laJvardis qva, romelsac egvipteSi uxvad iyenebdnen, swored avRaneTidan Seitanes.

da mainc, sad Seiqmna Tavdapirvelad damwerloba? mecnierebi upiratesobas mainc SuamdinareTs aniWeben. saqme imaSia, rom rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aq dasturdeba damwerlobis ganviTarebis yvela etapi, dawyebuli naxatebiT, damTavrebuli marcvlovani lursmnuli damwerlobiT. egvipteSi Casaxul damwerlobas ki winapiroba ar aqvs, igi mesopotamiuri damwerlobis ganviTarebis mxolod meore fazidan dasturdeba.

rac Seexeba sxva adrindel damwerlobebs, rogoricaa indusisa da Cinuri damwerlobebi, isini mogviano periodSi yalibdeba ise, rom maT ZvelaRmosavlur damwerlobasTan ver vakavSirebT. Zveli mesopotamiuri damwerlobisgan warmoiSva mogviano periodSi finikiuri - pirveli anbanuri damwerloba, romelsac bevr sxva anbanTan erTad qarTuli anbanis warmoSobac ukavSirdeba.

weris sistemis gamartiveba gamoiwvia im saWiroebam, rom adamians saweri da dasamaxsovrebeli Zalian didi masala gauCnda. damwerlobis warmoSoba ki ukavSirdeba im dros, rodesac adamianma SeZlo metyvelebis manZilsa da droSi gacocxleba.

ukan naxatebisken? Tanamedrove piqtogramebi

dRes Znelad Tu moiZebneba adamiani, romelsac Sexeba ar hqondes Tanamedrove `piqtogramebTan~. esenia: sagzao niSnebi, aeroportSi gamosaxuli simboloebi da mr. sxv.

Tanamedrove sagzao niSnebi

gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad viyenebT kompiuterul simboloebs. teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad damwerlobis ganviTarebac sxvadasxva etapebs gadis – Tu erT dros werils vwerdiT, dRevandel dRes `CaTSi~ drois simwiris gamo gamovsaxavT ama Tu im simbolos, romelic emociasa Tu guneba-ganwyobilebas, aseve Cvens mier dagegmil qmedebebsac ki gamoxatavs. amisaTvis Sedgenilia simboloTa leqsikonebi, romlebic zustad imave mniSvnelobas atareben, rasac erT dros Seqmnili Sumeruli niSnebi. cxadia, dRes bevrad mosaxerxebelia videogamosaxulebis meSveobiT urTierToba, vidre safosto werilis gagzavna. da Tuki qristesSobamde III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi adamianma manZilsa da droSi metyvelebis gadacemisTvis damwerloba Seqmna, qristesSobidan III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, teqnikuri progresis wyalobiT, igi manZilze komunikacias damwerlobis gareSec axerxebs.