ქასქები

                                                      maia RambaSiZe

qasqebi

ZvelaRmosavlur wyaroebSi qasqebis Sesaxeb sakmao informacia mogvepoveba. isini xeTursa da asurul wyaroebSi ubralod ki ar moixseniebian, aramed uSualod monawileoben Zveli axlo aRmosavleTis istoriis msvlelobaSi. q. w. XVII-VII ss. anatoliis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mcxovreb xalxs xeTuri da asuruli wyaroebi uwodeben „qasqebs“, anu „qasqas xalxs“ (LU^{MES URU}Ka-aš-ka, LU ^URUKa-aš-ka, LU ^URUKaš-ka, LU ^URUKA_4-aš-ka).

ar viciT, ras uwodebda es xalxi sakuTar Tavs, aseve ar viciT, arsebobda Tu ara qalaqi an saxelmwifo, saxelad  „qasqa“.

samwuxarod, araferi viciT arc qasqebis warmomavlobisa da genetikuri mikuTvnebulobis da arc  qasquri enis Sesaxeb. imis gamo, rom istoriografia ar icnobs arcerT qasqur teqsts, da arc ZvelaRmosavlur teqstebSi vxvdebiT  raime cnoba qasqebis enis Sesaxeb, mecnierebma ivaraudes, rom: a) qasqebi metyvelebdnen xaTurad, gamomdinare iqidan, rom qasqur da xaTur RvTaebaTa saxelebi erTmaneTs emTxveva;  b) qasqebi, xaTebTan erTad, iyvnen anatoliis araindoevropeli mkvidrni; g)  zogierTi mecnieri qasqebs  aigivebs CerqezebTan: Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi Cerqezebi moixseniebian „qaSageb“-ad, arabul wyaroebSi - „qesag“-ad, xolo Zvel rusul teqstebSi - „kasoga“-d; d) am Tvalsazriss garkveulwilad uaxlovdeba meore varaudic, romlis mixedviTac,  mecnierTa erTi  nawili miiCnevs, rom qasqebi Cerqezebis winaprebi arian  da qasquri ena Cerqezuli enaa. es varaudi efuZneba  erT-erT asurul teqsts, kerZod ki - tiglaTfileser I-is (q. w. 1114-1076) „analebs“, sadac erT adgilas savaraudod, qasqebis nacvlad gvxvdeba saxelwodeba abeSla; e) qasqebi Zveli pontoelebis winaprebi arian; v) iv. javaxiSvilis TvalsazrisiT,  qasqebi kolxebis winaparni arian; z) am Tvalsazriss garkveulwilad eTanxmeba gr. giorgaZis varaudi, rom qasqebi zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) warmoSobisani SeiZleba iyvnen; T) arsebobs varaudi, rom Zv. w. IX saukunis dasasruliTa da q. w. VIII saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebul siriul warweraSi moxseniebuli „musuri ena“ ekuTvniss qasqebs da amiT igi unaTesavdeba musqur enas, anu SesaZlebelia, rom davuSvaT erTi enis  ori dialeqtis arseboba (megrul-Wanuris msgavsad).

teqstebidan Cans, rom qasqebi binadrobdnen e.w. „mcire kavkasionis“ mTian sistemaSi kerZod - pontos mTebSi (imave lazistanis qedze, romelsac,  savaraudod, Seesabameba xeTuri wyaroebis qasiaris mTa). am mTianeTs Turqulad dRemde kaCkaris mTianeTi hqvia, romelsac aRmosavleTiT d samxreTiT mdinare Woroxi (xeT. qumesmaxa), xolo CrdiloeTidan  Savi zRvis sanapiro esazRvreba. qasqebiT dasaxlebuli unda yofiliyo centraluri CrdiloeT anatolia. daudgenelia, zustad sadamde midioda maTi sazRvari, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTiT. es damokidebulia imis gansazRvraze, sad iwyeboda aRmosavleTiT mosazRvre xaiasas[1]. samefo, dasavleTiT ki - xeTebis samflobelo.

qasqebis Sesaxeb ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens xeTuri lursmnuli teqstebis arqivi: samefo dRiurebi - xeTi mefeebis laSqrobaTa aRwera (e.w. „analebi“), xelSekrulebebi, administraciuli teqstebi, werilebi, aseve religiuri Sinaarsis mqone wyaroebi - locvani, samkiTxao teqstebi.[2]

toponimi qasqa xeTur wyaroebSi pirvelad gvxvdeba xeTi mefis arnuvandasa da misi meuRlis aSmuniqalis teqstebSi (daaxl. q. w. 1400 w.), sadac CamoTvlilia  Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare qasqebis mier dalaSqruli qalaqebi da regionebi: neriqi, hursama, qasTama, sarisa, ximuva, TagasTa, qamana, calfuva, qafiruxa, xurna, danqusna, Tafasava, Taruqa, ilalulxa, cixana, sifiduva, vasxaia, faTalia, TasTaresa da Taqufsa. am qalaqebis saxelwodebani imdenad „qasqurad“ JRers, rom Znelia daeTanxmo xeTur wyaros, romlis mixedviTac viTomda es qalaqebi xeTuri iyo, da qasqebi cdilobdnen maT dapyrobas. ufro savaraudoa, rom isini Tavdapirvelad qasquri yofiliyo, imis Semdeg, rac xeTebma xelT igdes,  qasqebi cdilobden maT ukan dabrunebas.

mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom qasqebi swored am periodisTvis (q. w. XV s.) movidnen da dasaxldnen CrdiloeT anatoliaSi. Tumca arsebobs sxva  varaudic, romlis mixedviTac qasqebi am regionis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba iyo, vinaidan iTvleba, rom qasquri saxelebi, didi albaTobiT, ara indoevropuli, aramed Zvelanatoliuri warmoSobisani arian. is, rom q. w. XIV saukunemde arsebul xeTur teqstebSi qasqebi saerTod ar moxseniebian, ar unda niSnavdes imas, rom isini am teritoriaze manamde ar saxlobdnen. rogorc Cans, swored am periodidan xvdebian isini mezoblebis interesis arealSi da maTi moxsenieba xeTur werilobiT wyaroebSi gasagebicaa.

sufiluliuma I-is teqstis mixedviT, eTnonimi qasqebi iyo zogadi dasaxeleba im 12 Temisgan Semdgari kavSirisa, romelic gaerTiandeboda xolme xeTebis winaaRmdeg.[3] rogorc Cans, es Temuri dasaxlebani,  Tumca kavSirSi iyvnen, magram erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad moqmedebdnen da xeTebs CrdiloeT sazRvarze mudmiv safrTxes uqmnidnen, xolo ucxoelTa Tavdasxmisagan Tavdasacavad erTiandebodnen[4]. maT ar hyavdaT erTi mmarTveli, „ar hqondaT erTiani mefoba“, da saerTod - ar hyavdaT „Temis batoni“[5].teqstebidan vicnobT mxolod oriode maRalCinosani qasqelis saxels, eseni arian: meTauri fiTafara da fiTagaTali. asureTis Zlevamosili mefe tiglaTfileser III (q. w. 745-727 ww.) asaxelebs qasqebis mmarTvel dadilus. ucnobia, es dadilu romelime erTi Temis mmarTveli iyo Tu gaerTanebuli qasquri Temebis batoni, vinaidan verc erT ZvelaRmosavlur wyaroSi ver vxvdebiT mefis/mTavris tituliani qasqeli mmarTvelis saxels[6]. amis dasturia tiglaTfileser I-is „analebis“ teqsti: asureli mefe hyveba, rogor Seipyro xeTebis laSqarSi myofi qasqebis 4 000-iani daumarcxebeli jari. teqstSi iqve moxseniebulia musqebis 20 000-iani laSqari, „romlebsac 5 mefe hyavdaT“.[7]

rodesac xeTebi zavdebodnen qasqebTan, xelSekrulebas xels awerda, erTis mxriv, xeTi monarqi, xolo meores mxriv - N raodenobis „qasqi kaci“: „xaTifTa, sunufasi, qanu, fiziziu, firuvi, quriali, TimiTi, TuTu, dada, qasqa..., TuTu (da) 9 kaci Tesenifadan. maTac yvelam daifices da ficis qveS dades Tavi“.[8] sainteresoa, rom erT-erT xelSekrulebaSi CamoTvlili adamianebis saxelebTan moxseniebulia maTi mamebis saxelebic: „qaasiara, Ze Taraskvilisa, ...faTalia, Ze uravalqvisa, X Ze paatasi, kalmaxaciTi Ze X-isa, TarxundaciTi, Ze kuku...-isa...“. ramdenad mniSvnelovani personebi iyvnen es adamianebi, teqstidan ver vigebT, SesaZlebelia, isini yofiliyvnen Temis „uxucesebi“[9]. rogorc Cans, qasqebs hyavdaT laSqris meTaurebi, rogorc es ugaritul teqstSia naxsenebi: rb ktkym.

saintereso faqtia, rom rodesac xeTebi qasqelTa erT TemTan dadebdnen xelSekrulebas da SeTanxmdebodnen ama Tu im sakiTxze, xSirad meore Temi arRvevda fics,  da swored es xdeboda xeTebis aRSfoTebis mizezi.[10]

qasqebis politikuri organizaciis Sesaxeb xeTebis TvaliT danaxul bevr saintereso cnobas gvawvdis mursili II-s analebis teqsti. magaliTad: Tavis mefobis me-7 wels mursilim ilaSqra qasqebis erT-erTi qalaqis - Tifias  mmarTvelis - fixunias winaaRmdeg, romelic mamamisis droidan periodulad  „Tavs esxmoda“ xeTebis  „zemo qveynis“ qalaqebs. mursili wers, rom „fixunia ar marTavda qasqebis msgavsad“. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qasqebs ar hqondaT erTmmarTveloba, fixunia ki, rogorc mursili aRniSnavs, „mefesaviT marTavda“: „me, Cemma mzem, wavedi da gavugzavne macne da mivwere: damibrune Cemi qveSevrdomebi, romlebic Sen Seipyari da waiyvane qasqas qveynad. magram fixuniam ukan gamomigzavna da momwera: me arafers ar dagibuneb. da Tuki Semomitev, me Cems miwaze (ki) ar geomebi, aramed Sen miwaze SegebrZolebi!“. mursilim daamarcxa fixunia da tyved wamoiyvana xaTusaSi.

qalaq Tifias arsebobis Sesaxeb ukve Zv. w. XVI saukunidan xdeba cnobili e. w. „amunas qronikis“ teqstidan, xolo xeTebis imperiis dros (q. w. XIII-XII s.s.) igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. sainteresoa, rom Tu Zveli samefos dros „qalaq Tifias“ vxvdebiT, imperiis periodSi igi moixsenieba, rogorc „Tifias qveyana“. savaraudoa, rom Zveli samefos periodSi axlad Camoyalibebuli qalaqi Tifia Semdgom xanaSi gaZlierebuliyo, gavrcobiliyo da mas rogorc qveyanas ise ixseniebdnen.

qasqur qalaq Tifiasa da Tifias qveynis adgilmdebareobis zusti gansazRvra jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba. naTelia mxolod is, rom igi xeTebis samefos CrdiloeTiT, savaraudod - Savi zRvis sanapirosTan axlos mdebareobda da periodulad xeTebis xelSi xvdeboda. amasTan, unda aRvniSnoT, rom SesaZlebelia igi aci-xaiasas qveyanas samxreT-dasavleTis mxridan emezobleboda kidec[11] qasqebTan mimoweris Semdeg mursili swored aci-xaiasas mmarTvelTan, aniasTan aCaRebs mimoweras. xsenebuli toponimi yuradRebas iqcevs aseve imiTac, rom igi ramdenime saukunis manZlze arsebobs da, Tu xeTebis Zveli samefos periodSi igi qalaqis saxeliT gvxvdeba, imperiis periodSi igi ukve qveynis statuss iZens.[12]

xeTur istoriografiaSi qasqebi gaigivebulni arian Zalian saSiS, spontanur, araprognozirebad da daumarcxebel mterTan.  qasqebis sadari ziani xeTebis samefosTvis arc erT mezobels ar miuyenebia. Cvens xelT arsebuli informacia qasqebis vinaobisa da politikuri qmedebebis Sesaxeb calmxrivia - mxolod xeTur wyaroebs vflobT da maT urTierTobas mxolod erTi mxridan vecnobiT, ar viciT, ra damokidebuleba iyo maT Soris sinamdvileSi - yovelive mxolod varaudebis sferoSi gvrCeba.

xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebidan irkveva, rom Zv. w. XV saukuneSi qasqebma daarbies xeTebis dedaqalaqi xaTusa. maTi mTavari qalaqebi iyo xalila da dudusqa. q. w. XII saukunis teqstSi gvxvdeba Semdegi cnoba: „jer kidev labarnam da xaTusilim[13] ar gadmouSva isini qumesmaxas mdinareze“ (md. Woroxze).  Semdeg isini naxsenebi arian ukve xanTilis (daaxl. Zv. w. 1526-1496 ww.) mefobis periodSi - qasqebs daurbeviaT sakulto qalaqi neriqi (savaraudod, Tanam. osmanCiqi). teqstis mixedviT, „xanTilis mefobis dros qasqebma daapataraves xeTebis miwa-wyali“.

xeTi mefeebi TuTxalia I (daaxl. q. w. 1360-1344 ww.), sufiluliuma I (daaxl. q. w. 1355-1320 ww.) da misi vaJi mursili II (q. w. 1321-1295 ww.) TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv ebrZodnen qasqebs. sufiluliumas mefobis dros qasqebma gadalaxes md. marasanTia (antikuri xanis halisi, Tan. yizil-irmaki) da xaTusa gadawves. sufiluliumi jer kidev ufliswulobis dros cdilobda CrdiloeT sazRvris gamagrebas, magram mogvianebiT misma interesma gadainacvla samxreTiT, siriisken, ramac gamoiwvia qveyanaSi  qasqebis Semosevebi CrdiloeTidan. rac Seexeba mursili II-s, man mefobis 9 weliwadi Sealia qasqebTan brZolas  da orjer gamarjvebac moipova. qasqebTan brZolis gamo mursilis Zmam - muvaTalim dedaqalaqi samxreTiT - qicuvaTnas qveyanaSi (TurqeTis samxr. sanapiro xmelTaSua zRvaze) gadaitana, ramac kidev ufro gaaxSira qasqebis TareSi xaTis samefoSi. igive viTareba grZeldeboda xaTusili III-s (q. w. 1267-1237 ww.) drosac. rogorc xaTusili III Tavis „apologiaSi“ wers, qasqebma misi mmarvelobisas gadakveTes md. marasanTia (Tan. yizil-irmaki) da qanes/nesasac (Tan. qaiseri) ki miaRwies.

rogorc teqstebidan irkveva, zafxulobiT qasqebs saqoneli mTebSi, mihyavdaT - sxvadasxva adgilas, TavianTi adgilsamyofelidan sakmaod moSorebiT.[14] amis gamo, isini periodulad, saZovrebis gavrcobis mizniT, Tavs esxmodnen xeTebis sasazRvro qalaqebs[15]. amis mizezi iyo Semdegi garemoeba: xeTi mefeebi TavianT qveSevrdomebs Cuqnidnen im  miwebs,[16] romlebic qveynis sasazRvro zolSi mdebareobda da erT dros qasqebs ekuTvnodaT. rogorc Cans, xeTebma es qalaqebi omis Sedegad igdes xelT[17].

teqstebis mixedviT, qasqebs didi laSqari hyavdaT. zogan naxsenebia 800, 5 000, zogan - 7 000, 9 000,  fexosani, cxenosani da etlosani jariskaci. aqedan gamomdinare, qasqebis qveynis mosaxleoba sakmaod mravalricxovani unda yofiliyo. meomris aRWurvilobis Sesaxeb aseve sainteresoa, rom xeTebi axseneben e.w. „qasqur mokle mSvilds“.

arqeologebi varaudoben, rom mdinareebis - devrez Caisa da yizil-irmaks -Soris arsebuli xeTuri cixesimagreebi, Tavisi saguSago koSkebiT, xeTebis centralur dasaxlebebs icavda qasqebigan. isini erTmaneTisgan Tanabar manZilze  iyvnen ganlagebulni, ZiriTadad  - gorakebze,  hqondaT wyali da sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi. cixeebi gamagrebuli iyo, da xandaxan erT heqtarsac ki ikavebda. aseTi cixesimagre aRmoaCines Tanamedrove eldivanSi.

qasqebi warmatebiT iyenebdnen partizanuli brZolis taqtikas mtris winaaRmdeg. isini moulodnelad esxmodnen Tavs xeTebs. TviTon ki mudmiv mzadyofnaSi iyvnen - jaris moaxloebas saguSagoebi adevnebdnen Tvalyurs ise, rom sabrZolo wyobis misaRebad an gasaqcevad dro darCenodaT. qasqebis Temebi erTmaneTs afrTxilebdnen moaxloebuli safrTxis Sesaxeb. isini mkvidrad iyvnen Sekrulebi saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg, rac aZnelebda maT damarcxebas.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom kadeSis omSi[18] qasqebi xeTebis mokavSireebad gvevlinebian:  „...rodesac misi udidebulesoba oqros taxtze ijda, eaxlnen misi udidebulesobis mcvelebi da moiyvanes xeTas qveynis Zlevamosili mefis ori tyve didebuli. aaxles (mas) da misma udidebulesobam miugo maT: „vin xarT Tqven? maT upasuxes: „Cven xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili mefis didebulebi varT da man gamogvgzavna, raTa dagvezvera, Tu sad imyofeboda misi udidebulesoba“. miugo maT misma udidebulesobam: „sad aris igi, xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili mefe? rogorc Sevityve, igi unda imyofebodes alepos qveyanaSi, Tunifis CrdiloeTiT“. maT miuges mis udidebulesobas: „Sexede, xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili mefe TavisTan myof mravalricxovan qveynebTan erTad, romlebic ZaliT warmotyvevna sxvadasxva olqebidan, da axla isini xeTis qveynis sazRvrebSia moqceuli – qveyana naxarina, qasqaSis qveyana, masas qveyana, fedasas qveyana, qirqiSas da raqas qveynebi, qarxemiSis miwa, irzus miwa, iqeriCis qveyana, alepos qveyana da qedis qveyana – isini ganlagdnen (sabrZolvelad). qceulni arian fexosan da etlosan jarad... uTvalavia maTi ricxvi, viTarca qviSa napirze. xedav, dganan isini, saomrad gamzadebulni, kadeSis misadgomebTan“.

rogorc Cans, qasqi meomrebi gansakuTrebuli vaJkacobiT, mxneobiTa da mamacobiT gamoirCeodnen. isini ibrZodnen ara mxolod xeTebis laSqarSi, aramed sxvadasxva qveynis samsaxurSic idgnen. isini xeTebis samoqalaqo omSic monawileobdnen - exmarebodnen xaTusili III-s taxtze asvlaSi. qasqi meomrebi gvxvdebian ugaritSic.[19]

mas Semdeg, rac sufiluliuma I-ma qasqas qveyana daipyro, qasqeli jariskacebi egvipteSi gagzavnes, savaraudod, tyveebad[20] egviptur wyaroSi naxsenebia „qasqebis etlosani meomrebi“. qasqebi egvipteSi, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen: egviptis faraoni amenofis III (q. w. 1388-1351 ww.) mcire aziel mTavars sTxovs misTvis qasqebis gagzavnas. qasqebis mimarT interesi grZeldeba Zv. w. XIII saukuneSic - ramses II-s xeT sacoles mziTevSi mohyva „mravali qasqeli tyve“.[21] amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom egvipteSi tyved moxvedrili qasqelebi Sereodnen egviptelebs.[22]

daudgenelia, monawilebdnen Tu ara qasqebi xeTebis samefos ganadgurebaSi. erTi ram cxadia: Zv. w. 1200 wlisTvis maT isargebles xeTebis samefos dakninebiT (am droisTvis xeTebis samefo dacemis piras iyo) da xeTis samefoSi SeiWrnen. q. w. XII saukunis dasasrulisTvis qasqebi moixseniebian asurul wyaroebSi. tiglaTfilesar I (daaxl. q. w. 1114-1076 ww.) qasqebis Sesaxeb wers, rom isini didxans ar Cerdebodnen dapyrobil teritoriaze. amis mixedviT SegviZlia, vimsjeloT, rom maTi samSoblo Sav zRvasTan iyo da maT ar ekavaT didi teritoria - zRvidan aRmosavleTi anatoliis CaTvliT. TiTqmis Zv. w. VIII saukunemde moixseniebian isini asurul teqstebSi. sargon II-s analebSi qasqebi bolojer moixsenebian, SemdegSi maTi xseneba teqstebSi aRar gvxvdeba.

qasqebis meurneobis Sesaxeb metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis q. arinas mzis RvTaebis mimarT mursili II-is locvis teqsti, sadac qasqebi daxasiaTebulni arian, rogorc „Rorebis mwyemsebi da (selis) mbeWvelni“  (^LÚ.MEŠSIPAD ŠAḪ ešer Ù ^LÚ.MEŠE-PI-IŠ GAD^ḪIA ešer).  rogorc Cans, es ori profesia qasqebisTvis gansakuTrebulad damaxasiaTebeli iyo, maT Soris saerTo ki is aris, rom orive saqmianoba qalebis prerogativa iyo - qalebi eweodnen saxlis Sidasameurneo saqmianobas, uvlidnen Rorebs[23] da arTavdnen da qsovdnen sels, xolo kacebi - mwyemsavdnen naxirs, icavdnen qveynis sazRvrebs Tu saZovrebs mezobelTa mtruli Tavdasxmisagan, rac xeTebis mxridan aRiqmeboda, rogorc „sxvisi miwis misakuTreba“ -  mursili II aRniSnavs, rom qasqelma „fixuniam daipyro iSTiTinas mxare, Tavis saZovrad gadasaqcevad“ (natza apel uišiyauwaš pedan iyat).

seli (linum),[24] is iSviaTi da mniSvnelovani mcenare iyo, romelic gamoiyeneboda rogorc saqsovad da tansacmlisTvis, aseve zeTis misaRebad - sakvebad da gasanaTeblad, etlebis borblebis dasazeTad da a.S. iqizTefeSi (Savi zRvis sanapiroze, samsunTan axlos) selis napovni nimuSebi TariRdeba qalkoliTidan (spilenZ-qvis xanidan) moyolebuli brinjaos xanis CaTvliT. rogorc Cans, qasqebis mier damuSavebuli seli im periodSic saukeTesod iTvleboda.

rac Seexeba Rorebs, im dros, rodesac kacebi sazafxulo saZovrebze  mwyemsavdnen naxirs, qalebi Sin uvlidnen Rorebs, romlebic tyeSi iyvnen gaSvebulni  da mxolod gvian Semodgomaze abinavebdnen maT. es garemoeba saSualebas gvaZlevs, - mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli azris sapirispirod - vivaraudoT, rom qasqebi, msgavsad Savi zRvis regionis danarCeni mosaxleobisa, ara momTabare, aramed binadar cxovrebas eweodnen.  amis varaudis safuZvels aseve gvaZlevs uZvelesi teqstebidan cnobili is faqtic, rom qasqebi misdevdnen mevenaxeobasa da miwaTmoqmedebas - xeTebs xarksac ki uxdidnen RviniT. aseve mohyavdaT xorbali, romlis mosavalsac xeTebi periodulad unadgurebdnen.

rac Seexeba qasqebis religiur warmodgenebs, wyaroebidan irkveva, rom maTi panTeoni poliTeisturi iyo da  Sesabamisi warmodgena hqondaT samyaroze: „qasqas qveynis RvTaebebSi“ isini gulisxmobdnen amindis sam  RvTaebas - xanufTens, quTufuruzis da fazim...-s (CTH 138). maTi erT-erTi mTavari RvTaeba iyo ciTxaria, romelic SavizRvispira qalaq ciTxariadan iyo warmoSobiT da qasqebi mas Tayvans scemdnen cxvris tyavis saxiT (xeT. KUŠkurša „sawmisi“).

sainteresoa, rom erT-erT xelSekrulebaSi qasqi RvTaebebi xaTur RvTaebebTan erTad arian moxseniebulni. erT siaSi gvxvdeba xeTi RvTaebebis tradiciuli CamonaTvali, magram am sias win uswrebs qasquri omis RvTaeba zababa, romelic dgas uSualod xaTis amindis RvTaebasa da mzis RvTaebebis Semdeg. mecnierTa azriT, zababa unda yofiliyo xaTuri RvTaeba vurunqaTe. aris erTaderTi teqsti, romelic gviCvenebs qasqeli RvTaebebis dawvrilebiT sias, magram igi damtvreulia. xaTis samefos RvTaebaTa siis Semdeg gvxvdeba qasqi RvTaebebis sia:

11 Cven moviwvieT krebaze [qasqeli RvTaebebi],

12 amindis RvTaebani xanufTeni [

13 amindis RvTaebani quTufuruzi [

14 amindis RvTaebani fazim [

_______________________________________

15] mzis qalRvTaeba miwisa xuvaTasii

16] Tena mama-RvTaeba mzisa

17] rui laSqris amindis RvTaeba

18] Telifinu

_______________________________________19 ] aTasi RvTaeba

20 [moviwvieT krebaze, isini mowmeebad unda dadgnen] da maT

21 movusmen“.

am da sxva xaTur-qasquri msgavsebebis safuZvelze ivaraudeba, rom SesaZlebelia, rom qasqebi yofiliyvnen xaTebis STamomavlebi, romelTa nawili saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seeria xeTebs, xolo isini, vinc CrdiloeTiT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, dasaxldnen, qasqur Temebad Camoyalibdnen[25] aseve sainteresoa qasqur-xaTur-xurituli kulturuli paralelebi: mTvaris RvTaeba xaTebisa - qasqu da xurituli - quSux, mzis RvTaeba - SimeSu da Simegi. varaudoben, rom qasqebis samkvidros aRmosavleTiT mdebare xaiasas samefos mTavari RvTaeba DU.GUR igivea, rac xaTuri RvTaeba - sulinqaTe. meore RvTaebis saxelia Tarumu, romelic aseve Zalian emsgavseba xaTur amindis RvTaebas - Tarus.[26] es ki imas gvavaraudebinebs, rom Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi xaTuri kulturuli areali gadaWimuli iyo  Savi zRvis mTel samxreT sanapiroze. Semdgom periodSi maTTan aseve dasakavSirebelia xalibebi/xaldebi, pontos arealis rkinis madnis mompoveblebi.[27] maTi saxelwodeba didi albaTobiT, momdinareobs xaTuri sityvidan - hapalki- „rkina“ (xurit. hapalkinnu, berZn. chalups), rac ukavSirdeba kidec swored rkinis mopovebasa da aTvisebas am regionSi, es lingvisturi dakvirvebani ki myardeba swored kolxeTSi mopovebuli  mdidari arqeologiuri masaliT.[28]

qasqebis istoriis Sesaxeb WeSmariti suraTis aRdgenas aZnelebs is, rom Cven xelT ar gvaqvs uSualod qasquri wyaroebi da xeTur-qasquri urTierTobis sakiTxs mxolod xeTuri mxridan vicnobT. qasqebs ar hqondaT damwerloba da amis gamo ver davadgenT WeSmaritebas maT Sesaxeb. rac danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, aris is, rom xeTebis winaaRmdeg maTi laSqrobebi ganpirobebuli iyo ara momTabare, ganuviTarebeli xalxis mier mZarcveluri TavdasxmebiT, rogorc amas xeTebi warmoaCendnen, aramed piriqiT -  xeTebis mxridan maTi qalaqebis, saZovrebis mitacebiT. xolo Tuki vivaraudebT, rom qasqebi (da, Sesabamisad, xaTebic) Semdgom periodSi maTi gansaxlebis sivrceSi mcxovrebi eTnosebis: zanebis (Wanebisa da egrebis) winaprebi arian, Zneli warmosadgeni ar iqneba, Tu rogor SeiZleba am eTnosis daxasiaTeba: ubadlo meomari, umaRlesi xarisxis selis mwarmoebeli, kargi mevenaxe, madneulis mompovebel-damamuSavebeli da a.S.

qasqebis TemTa cxovrebis wesi zedmiwevniT emTxveva kolxuri cxovrebis wess (Sdr. „ubatono qveyana“, Temebad cxovreba, erTmaneTis daxmareba gareSe mtris winaaRmdeg), sakuTari saxelebi (Sdr. dadilu, paata, kalmaxaciTi,[29] da a.S.), aseve - selis damuSaveba, meRvineoba, egviptis laSqarSi maTi samsaxuri da, rac mTavaria - Roris kultisa da sawmisis Tema - aSkarad gvavaraudebinebs maT uSualo kavSirs zanur (megrul-Wanur) samyarosTan. miTumetes, rom ZvelaRmosavlur wyaroebSi  qasqebze cnobebi wydeba q. w. VII saukuneSi, da, swored, am periodidan wyaroebSi Cndeba cnobebi kolxebis  Sesaxeb.

---

[1] xaiasas samefo -  qasqebis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare qveyana. somex mecnierTa azriT, xaiasa - somxebis winapari eTnosia (Sdr. xaiasa - „xaiastan“). Tuki qasqebs WaneTis teritoriaze vivaraudebT, xaiasas samefo mis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT moTavsdeba, aqedan gamomdinare, dasaSvebia varaudi, rom (x)aia-sa-s samefo gavaigivoT - aia-s samefosTan. 

[2] dawvrilebiT am teqstis Sesaxeb ix. Schuler E von., 1965.

[3] „sufiluliumas saqmeni“, fragm. 14.

[4] qasqebis damxmare laSqars erqva ERIN^MES NARARI.

[5] Sdr. svaneTisa da xevis „ubatono qveyana“.

[6] Sumeruli ideograma LUGAL asurul teqstebSi gvxvdeba rogorc mefis, aseve mTavris aRmniSvneladac.

[7] Grayson A. K.,  2002, 14, 17.

[8] KBo 8.35 § 11.

[9] Sdr. „maxvSebi“ an „xevisTavebi“.

[10] CTH 375.1.

[11] teqstebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, iqneb SesaZlebeli gaxdes Tifia davukavSiroT tao-klarjeTis tbeTs?

[12] dawvrilebiT Tifias lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix.: Гамбашидзе М., 2005, 68.

[13] xeTebis samefos pirveli mefeebi, daaxl. q. w. XVIII s.

[14] Sdr. aWarelTa „mTa-baroba“.

[15] Sdr. lekebi kaxeTSi.

[16] ix. xeTuri „miwis Cuqebis dokumentebi“.

[17] Sdr. borCalus Siiti tomis Camosaxleba sefianTa iranis mier Sida qarTlSi andac is faqti, rom yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan axalCamosul ebraelebs israelSi swored konfliqtis zonaSi asaxlebdnen.

[18] Zv. w. II aTaswleulis yvelaze cnobili omi egviptesa da xeTebs Soris (q. w. 1274), romelic moxda Tan. siriis teritoriaze, md. orontis napiras, kadeSis velze. am omSi monawileobda mTeli maSindeli msoflio, amitom varaudoben istorikosebi, rom mas unda ewodos swored pirveli msoflio omi.

[19]  Tan. ras-Samra, siria. saporto qalaqi Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi.

[20] Sdr. „mamluqebi“.

[21] Schuler E. von, 1965, 81.

[22] SesaZloa, esec edos safuZvlad ,,istoriis mama“-d wodebuli herodotes cnobil varauds kolxTa warmomavlobis Taobaze - Sdr. „magram cxadia, rom kolxebi egviptelebi arian. amas me TviTon mivxvdi imaze uwin, vidre sxvaTagan movismendi da ise vityodi. da radganac amas vfiqrobdi, SevekiTxe orives, kolxebs ukeT axsovdaT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs kolxebi. egviptelebi amboben, rom maTi azriT sesostisis laSqridan arian kolxebi da me TviTonac aseve meCveneboda, radgan kolxebi Savgvremnebi arian da xuWuWTmianebi...“ herodote - istoria II wigni - evterpe,  104).

[23] aRsaniSnavia, rom Rori wminda cxovelad iTvleboda rkinis mompovebel xalxebSi, vinaidan igi ukavSirdeboda muxas. Sdr. kolxuri RorisTaviani samajuri. dRevandlamde, imerxevel qarTvelebSi, sityva „Rori“ aRiqmeba siZlieris, sikargis, vaJkacobis sinonimad, TofCiSvili r., 2017, 25. - Sdr. odiSarTa droSa, romelzec vaxuStis mixedviT, taxia gamosaxuli.

[24] Sdr. kolxuri seli - saberZneTSi: „kidev sxva ramis Tqmac SemiZlia kolxebis Sesaxeb, riTac isini egviptelebis msgavsni arian. mxolod kolxebi da egviptelebi amuSaveben sels erTnairad; mTeli cxovreba da ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTis. kolxur sels elinebi sardonuls uwodeben, egviptidan Semosuls ki - egvipturs“ (herodote - istoria II wigni - evterpe: 105.)

[25] Singer I., 1981,  123.

[26] Sdr. qarT. "dari".

[27] straboni XII, 3 weli.

[28] xaxutaiSvili, d., 1980 da sxv.

[29] mag. guriaSi bolo periodamde icekveboda ,,kalaxuri“ ix. wulaZe, ap., 1971, 98.