შუამდინარული რელიგიური წარმოდგენები

Suamdinaruli religiuri warmodgenebi

a) Sumeruli religiuri warmodgenebi

SuamdinareTi ewodeba Tanamedrove eraySi, or mdinares – evfratsa da tigross Soris mdebare teritorias. aq, qristeSobamde mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisidan meore aTaswleulis dasawyisamde binadrobdnen Sumerebi. mecnierTa varaudiT isini am teritoriaze Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan unda mosuliyvnen. sagulisxmoa, rom Sumeruli ena ar enaTesaveba enaTa arc erT sxva ojaxs (jgufs).

swored Sumerebma gamoigones lursmuli damwerloba. isini werdnen Tixis firfitebze, qvebze. damwerlobasTan erTad, maT didi kulturuli memkvidreoba dagvitoves, Seqmnes literatura, miTebi, sagmiro ambebi, himnebi da sxva. isini agebdnen didebul taZrebs, sasaxleebs.

Sumeruli religiis Sesaxeb Cveni codna momdinareobs arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT aRmoCenili teqstebidan _ miTebidan, eposebidan, Selocvebidan da himnebidan, romlebic Tixis firfitebze iyo datanili da semdeg gamomwvari. aseTma firfitebma Cvenamde mravlad moaRwia. CvenTvis cnobilia asobiT RvTaebis saxeli. maT SedgenilobaSi upiratesad oTxi RvTaebais - cis RvTaebis anis, haeris RvTaebis enlilis, wylis RvTaebis enqisa da deda-RvTaebis ninxursangas saxeli Sedis.

SumerebisaTvis samyaros mTavari elementebi iyo miwa da ca. samyaros Sumerulad erqva “an-qi”, anu “ca-miwa”. maTi warmodgeniT, dedamiwa iyo brtyeli disko, ca ki – carieli sivrce, romelic zemodan da qvemodan myar zedapirs eyrdnoboda. dedamiwasa da cas Soris iyo “lil”, anu qari (haeri, niavi, suli). “ca-miwas” oTxive mxridan ertya okeane. am okeaneSi warmoiSva swored ca da dedamiwa, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili iyo atmosferoTi. Semdeg atmosferosgan warmoiqmnen manaTobeli sxeulebi: mze, mTvare, planetebi da varskvlavebi. roca dedamiwas gamoeyo ca, gaCnda mcenareebi, cxovelebi da bolos, adamiani.

Zalian sainteresoa adamianis Seqmnis Sumeruli miTi: RvTaebani bWoben, ra Znelia sakvebis mopoveba. isini enqisgan elian daxmarebas, magram enqis Zinavs. dedamisi namu gaaRviZebs da Txovs, RvTaebaTaTvis msaxuri gaaCinos. marTlac, enqi gaaCens adamians, raTa emsaxuros RvTaebebs.

sakulto msaxureba sruldeboda taZarebSi. SuamdinareTSi aRmoCenilia am periodis pataraca da didi taZrebi. yvela isini erTi principiTaa agebuli: did oTaxSi moTavsebulia niSi, sadac RvTaebis kerpi idga. did qalaqebSi safexurebiani taZrebi idga, romelsac ziqurati erqva. mas mTis forma hqonda, varaudoben, rom zemoT, patara oTaxSi siwminde inaxeboda.

Sumerebma icodnen, rom adamiani gardacvalebis Semdeg sikvdilis qveynad mieSureboda, romelsac uwodebdnen “qveyanas, saidanac ar brundebian”. maTi warmodgeniT, mxolod raRac gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda ama-qveynad dabruneba. pirveli Sumeruli teqsti, sadac nasenebia is qveyana, mefe urnamus teqstia. rodesac mefe im qveynad moxvda, “Svid RvTaebas” ZRveni miarTva. mxolod amis Semdeg midis igi misTvis gansazRvrul adgilas, sadac mas gilgameSi xvdeba da miwisqveSa cxovrebis wesebs uxsnis.

SumerelTa warmodgeniT, samoTxe gankuTvnili iyo ara mokvdav kacTaTvis, aramed mxolod ukvdav RvTaebaTaTvis. erTaderT mokvdavi, romelic samoTxeSi SeuSves, iyo ziusudra, bibliuri noes protopipi. “warRvnis miTi”: anma, enlilma, enqim da ninxursangam SavTavianTa (Sumerebis) modgma Seqmnes, gaaCines mcenareebi, mcxovelebi. daaarses xuTi qalaqi: eridu, bad-Tibira, laraqi, sifari da Surufaqi. qalaqebi RvTaebebs Caabares. RvTaebebma gadawyvites warRvnis movlena da adamianTa ganadgureba. zogierTi RvTaeba ukmayofilo yofila amgvari mkacri gadawyvetilebiT. ziusudra RvTismoSiSi mefe iyo. RvTaebebma mas sizmarSi amcnes, rogor unda gadarCeniliyo, urCies aego xomaldi, raTa Tavi gadaerCina. warRvna Svid dResa da Rames boboqrobda, merve dRes isev gamoCnda mzis RmerTi uTu da dedamiwas sxivebi mohfina. ziusudra ganerTxo mis winaSe da msxverpli Seswira. RvTaebebma mas maradiuli sicocxle mianiWes. Semdeg igi aiyvanes dilmunSi, saidanac “mze amodis”.

b) asurul-babilonuri religiuri warmodgenebi

qristeSobamde mesame aTaswleulis bolos SuamrdinareTSi sxva xalxi movida, eseni iyvnen aqadebi, romlebmac Tan TavianTi kultura da wes-Cveulebani moitanes, Seerivnen Sumerebs, nawilobriv SeiTvises maTi kultura, religia da damwerloba, romelic TavianT enas miusadages. moxda am ori, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli xalxis Sereva, ris Sedegadac miviReT erTiani mesopotamiuri, yvela sxva xalxebisagan gansxvavebuli kultura, romelmac Semdgom periodSi gavlena iqonia qanaanelebze, anu ebraelTa winaprebze da sxva ZvelaRmosavlur xalxebze – asirielebze, xeTebze, xuritebze. umetes Sumerul RvTaebas SemdgomSi aqaduri saxeli daerqva da Znelia ganvasxvavoT isini erTmaneTisagan. sainteresoa agreTve is, rom babilonur da asurul religiebs Sorisac gansxvavebaa: babilonelebi samxreTiT cxovrobdnen da mdinareebs aRmerTebdnen, xolo asurelebs mdinare ar hqondaT da damokidebulni iyvnen wvimaze.

asurul-babilonuri RvTaebebis sia Zalian didia. asureli mefis, aSurbanifalis biblioTekaSi napovn teqstTagan cnobilia 2500 saxeli. umetesi saxeli didi RvTaebebis epiTetebi unda yofiliyo. danarCeni maTi msaxurebi, mcvelebi. aqaduri teqstebis mixedviT: sami saxeobis RvTaebebi arian: 1. qalaqis RvTaebebi, mag. romelime qalaqis esa da es RvTaeba; 2. piradi RvTaebebi, mag. ama da am mefis RvTaeba; 3. demonebi, romlebis agreTve RvTaebebad iwodebian. isini adamianis msgavsebi arian, adamianuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebT. Cveulebriv, isini ar kvdebian, magram mogviano xanis miTologiaSi naxsenebia “mkvdari RvTaebebi”, rolebis “miwisqveSeTSi” gaagzavnes. asurul da babilonur teqstebSi cotaa naTqvami cxovrebis Semdgom cxovrebaze. cnobilia, rom sicocxle, anu “sicocxlis sunTqva” RvTaebaTa saCuqaria da maT SeuZliaT igi ukan waiRon.. adamiani susti da Zalauflebis gareSea, Crdilia.

taZari iyo adgili, sadac RvTaebebi adamianebis sasamarTlos marTavdnen. taZris momsaxure personlis daniSnuleba iyo RvTaebis gamosaxulebis Semosva da saWmlis mirTmeva. xalxs taZarSi Sesvla ekrZaleboda. Tvalyuris devneba mxolod karebis niSidan SeeZloT. marto didi dResaswaulebSi iRebda xalxi monawileobas.

qurumebi saWiro iyvnen, raTa adamianebsa da RvTaebebs Soris daemyarebinaT kavSiri. mefe iyo mTavari qurumi, mas hqonda mTavari qurumis tituli da funqcia.

RvTaebebs dReSi orjer kvebavdnen. TiToeuli saWmeli dayofili iyo or nawilad, “didi” mTavari kerZi da “patara” kerZi. xorci, Tevzi, xili, zeTi, rZe, Rvino, Tafli da a.S. am saWmels wvavdnen, imitom, rom fiqrobdnen, rom RvTaebebi siamovnebas swored sunisgan iRebdnen. sasmels RvTaebis gamosaxulebis win asxamdnen. magidis win farda iyo Camofarebuli, aravis ar unda daenaxa, rogor Wamen RvTaebebi. mefes iwvevdnen RvTaebis saWmlis SesaWmelad, an ugzavnidnen mas, isini ZRvenidan cotas miirTmevdnen. RvTaebis gamosaxulebis win dakluli cxovelis sisxls asxamdnen.

boroti sulebi: Sumerebs sjerodaT, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi demonebs da borot sulebs avadmyofoba da SimSili SemohqondaT. Cveeulebriv, adamians Tavisi RvTaeba ifaravda. boroti sulebigan dasacavad atarebdnen avgarozebs. adamiani Tu avad gaxdeboda, Tixisgan gaakeTebdnen boroti sulis gamosaxulebas, adamians Tavze adgamdnen, mere ki amtvrevdnen. boroti suli Sevidoda am Tixis gamosaxulebaSi da rodesac mas daamtvrevdnen, igi gadioda sxeulidan.

sainteresoa, rom asurel-babilonelTaTvis Tvis 7, 14, 19, 21, 28 dReebi yvelaze uiRblo iyo. am dRes saqmis keTeba mizanSewonilad ar miaCndaT. qveyanaSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli cxvris RviZlze mkiTxaoba, aseve savse mTvareze da Citebze dakvirveba. es ukanaskneli Semdgom gavrcelda agreTve mcire aziaSic.

g) Suamdinarul mTavar RvTaebaTa saxelebi:

abzu/afsu – mtknari wylis RvTaeba.

anu – cis RvTaeba.

dumuzi – inanas sayvareli, uruqeli mwyemsi.

ea – mtknari wylebis qalRvTaeba.

enlili – haeris, atmosferos RvTaeba.

ereSqigali – namus, pirveladi zRvisa da anis, cis RvTaebis qaliSvili, enqis da. miwisqveSeTis qalRvTaeba.

inana/iSTari – siyvarulisa da brZolis qalRvTaeba. nanasa da ningalis qaliSvili.  

isimudi – enqi/eas ministri, veziri.

qi – Sumeruli deda-miwa, anis, cis RvTaebis meuRle, namus, pirveladi zRvis qaliSvili,

namu - Sumeruli deda-RvTaeba, pirveladi zRva.

nana-sueni – mTvaris RvTaeba.

neTi/nedu – miwisqveSeTis daraji.

ningali – nana/sinis, mTvaris RvTaebis meuRle, uTusa da inanas deda.

ningiqura – mTis saZovrebis qalRvTaeba.

ninxursanga – Sumerebis mTavari qalRvTaeba, mTa. namu, pirveladi zRvis qaliSvili. iqi cnobili agreTve, rogorc ninmaxi, ninTuri.

ninsari – balaxisa da miwis safarvelis qalRvTaeba.

ninSuburi – Sumerebis qalRvTaeba da aqadelebis RvTaeba. inana/iSTaris mrCeveli da veziri.

nusqu – sinaTlis RvTaeba. enlilis mrCeveli da veziri.

uTu – mzis RvTaeba. inana/iSTaris Zma.