ხეთური დიპლომატია

ხეთური დიპლომატია

didi xnis manZilze istorikosebi Tvlidnen, rom romi da saberZneTi is qveynebi iyo, sadac unda warmoSobiliyo pirveli istoriografiuli, samarTlebrivi, literaturuli, miTologiuri Tu ekonomikuri Zeglebi. magram dadga me-19 saukune da evropeli mecnierebi dainteresdnen Zveli wina aziiT. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma gamoaCina mravali iseTi faqti, ramac Tavdayira daayena istorikosTa mosazrebani. pirvel rigSi, es iyo is Tixis firfitebi, romlebic uxvad aRmoCnda dRevandeli erayis, iranis, siriisa Tu TurqeTis teritoriaze. lursmნuli damwerlobis gaSifrvis Sedegad dadginda, rom pirveli istorikosebi da literatorebi ara romaelebi da berZnebi, aramed, Zveli wina aziis binadarni - Sumerebi, asurelebi, xeTebi Tu xuritebi yofilan. Tixis firfitebze dawerili ambebi mogviTxroben Zveli wina aziis xalxTa istoriaze, yofa-cxovrebaze, zne-Cveulebaze.

Cvens xelTaa istoriuli xasiaTis teqstebi, romlebTagan mniSvnelovania e.w. samefo „analebi”, saerTaSoriso korespondencia, diplomatiuri xelSekrulebebi da a.S. es ukanaskneli, Cvenda sasixarulod, metad sainteresod da farTodaa warmodgenili aRmoCenil firfitebs Soris. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas debda, savaraudod, Zveli wina aziis araerTi mefe Tavis mezobel Tu aramezobel saxelmwifosTan. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT SemogvrCa xeT mefeTa mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifos meTaurTan. es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan xeTebis mier dasaxlebuli teritoria, anu, centraluri anatolia iTvleboda aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis gasayarad. xeTebs uxdebodaT „oTxiv mxriv” urTierTobebis daregulireba. amis Sesaxeb wers xeTebis „axali samefos” erT-erTi gamorCeuli mefe -xaTusili III Tavis „apologiaSi”: „isini, vinc Cems win mefeebi iyvnen da vinc (xaTis qveyanasTan) karg urTierTobaSi iyo, Cems drosac karg urTierTobaSi darCa. isini migzavnidnen macneebs, migzavnidnen saCuqrebs. aseTi saCuqrebi mamaCemisTvis da Cemi winaprebisTvis arasdros ar gamougzavniaT. is mefe, romelic valdebuli iyo pativi eca CemTvis, pativs mcemda. xolo me davamarcxe mtris qveynebi. maTi miwa–wyali xeTis samefos SemovuerTe. yvelam, vinc mamaCemisa da Cemi winaprebis mteri iyo, CemTan mSvidoba daamyara“ (G. Beckman, „Hittite Diplomatic Texts“, in: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature, Vol. 7, Atlanta, Georgia 1996).

es pasaJi gviCvenebs, rom xeTebis azriT, ucxo qveynebi an maTi mtrebi iyvnen an megobrebi. neitralitets isini ar aRiarebdnen. xeTebis sagareo politika, sulerTia, brZoliT Tu mSvidobiani gziT miRweuli, emsaxureboda mtrulad ganwyobili qveynebis Semcirebas. xeTebi aseT qveynebs an TavianT vasalebad aqcevdnen, an kidev Tanasworad miiCnevdnen. es damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ramdenad daSorebulebi iyvnen isini xeTis samefodan, agreTve, rogor kulturul doneze idgnen, rogori sajaro SenaerTebi da ekonomikuri Zliereba hqondaT.

xeTebis Zveli samefos dasasrulidan (Zv. w. me–16 s.) mogvepoveba xeTebis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebis teqstebi, romelsac xeTebi yovel axal mokavSiresTan debdnen. xeTebi xelSekrulebis dadebas samefos marTvisaTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. amaze miuTiTebs is, rom Zveli wina aziis xelSekrulebebis naxevarze meti xeTuri arqivebidanaa cnobili. am saxis daaxloebiT 35 teqsti mogvepoveba xaTis samefodan, kidev sxva, CvenTvis ucnob xelSekrulebebzea saubari sxva saxis teqstebSi, magram isini jerjerobiT aRmoCenili ar aris.

imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo xeTebisaTvis „yvela mxriv“ mSvidobis damyareba da mezobel saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis garkveva, rom maT mosazRvre qasqebTanac ki dades xelSekruleba, Tumca, gamocdilebam aCvena, rom am xalxis socialuri da politikuri organizaciis ganviTarebis dabalma donem nayofi ver gamoiRo da isini xeTebis teritoriis darbevas agrZelebdnen.

mravali xeTuri xelSekruleba iyo Sedgenili aqadur enaze, romelic im drois diplomatiur enad iTvleboda. magram aseve iwereboda xeTur enazec. rogorc wesi, anatoliis teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxTan xeTebi xeTur enaze debdnen xelSekrulebas, xolo siriaSi da sxva teritoriaze myof xalxTan – aqadur enaze. orive enaze aseTi dokumentebis saxelwodeba iyo literaturulad „ficis dadeba“ (xeTuri išḫiul da lingai-, aqadurad rikiltu/ rikištu/ riksu, māmītu). xelSekruleba Sedgeboda ori nawilisgan: „SeTanxmeba“ da „wyevlisa“ da „dalocvisagan“ – mxareebi moixmobdnen xolme RvTaebebs mowmeebad. unda aRiniSnos, rom moxelebisaTvisa da samefo dacvis wevrebisaTvis xeTi mefis mier gacemul instruqciebs agreTve erqva išḫiul. amitom SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom xeTebi did fundamentur gansxvavebas ar poulobdnen maTi mefis mimarT saSinao da sagareo valdebulebebSi.

vinaidan xeT mmarTvels arc Tu ise bevri Tanaswori mmarTveli hyavda garSemo, xelSekrulebebis umetesoba mainc vasaluri xelSekrulebaa. mursili II–s dros (Zv.w. 13 s.), vis droidanac yvelaze meti xelSekruleba mogvepoveba, es dokumenti mzaddeboda rogorc dasavleT anatoliaSi arsebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, aseve samxreTiTa da aRmosavleTiT - amurus, ugaritisa da albaT, sxva partniorebisTvisac.

vasaluri xelSekruleba xeTis mefis kancelariaSi iqmneboda da mas xelqveiT mmarTvels gadascemdnen. vasali valdebuli iyo daefica auracxeli RvTaebis winaSe, rom daicavda xelSekrulebis mixedviT aRebul valdebulebebs. erT–erT teqstSi weria: „es sityvebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris ormxrivi. igi Sedgenilia xaTis qveyanaSi“. anu, xeTebi wyvetdnen, ra CaeweraT xelSekrulebaSi. ificebda mxolod vasali. xelSekrulebebi iwereboda liTonis firfitaze (xandaxan vercxlis, ufro xSirad ki – brinjaos an rkinaze). rac gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, erTi SemTxvevis garda, yvela am xelSekrulebebis Tixis fifitebze Sesrulebuli aslebia.

unda aRiniSnos, rom es vasaluri xelSekrulebebi iyo garanti xeTebis samefos mTlianobisa. vasalebi ver riskavdnen RvTaebebis ganrisxebas da xeTebis Zlieri armiis winaRmdeg aRdgomas, raTa damoukideblobisaTvis mieRwiaT. xeTebi qveynis mTlianobas meore gziTac cdilobdnen – vasalur qveyanasa da xeTebs Soris diplomatiuri qorwinebas amyarebdnen. mag. miTanis, xaiasas, amurusa da ugaritis mmarTvelebs – yvelas xeTi mefis asulebi hyavdaT meuRleebad. sxva vasalebi uzrunvelyofilebi iyvnen xeTuri jariT, romelic maT dedaqalaqs icavda. magram, faqtia, rom xeTebis laSqris saqmianoba am qveynebSi, ufro metad vasalebze Tvalyuris Weras emsaxureboda, vidre maT dacvas.

„saxelmwifo xelSekrulebebis xeTebis mefeebi debdnen mezobeli da axlo aRmosavleTis aramezobeli qveynebis mbrZaneblebTan (mezoblebTan, rogorc wesi, xeTur enaze, aramezoblebTan – aqadur enaze).

Cvenamde moRweuli yvelaze adrindeli xelSekruleba Sedgenilia xeTebis „Zveli samefos“ xanaSi, saxeldobr, Telifinus mmarTvelobis periodSi (daaxl. Zv. w. 1550–1520 ww.). es iyo xeTebis am mefisa da qicuvaTnas mefe isfuTaxsusTan dadebuli xelSekruleba (aqadur da xeTur enebze). arsebobda agreTve xelSekruleba xeTebis mefe cidanTasa da qicuvaTnas mmarTvel filias Soris. adrindeli xelSekrulebebi formirdeboda paritetis sawyisebze, rac gulisxmobda mxareTa uflebebis srul Tanasworobas.

xeTebis dapyrobiTi politikis gafarToebam sufiluliuma I–is droidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 1380 w.) gamoiwvia xeTebis sagrZnobi aqtivizacia anatoliis samxreTsa da aRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT siriasa da CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi. yovelive es iwvevda aRniSnul mxareebSi mdebare qveynebTan politikur urTierTobaTa regulirebas specialuri werilobiTi dokumentis Seqmis saxiT.

sufiluliuma I-is droidan unda Seqmniliyo garkveuli sqema am xasiaTis dokumentebis gaformebisa, rac mogvianebiT srulyves. xelSekrulebaTa nawili Sedgenili iyo paritetis principiT, nawili ki – „vasalitetis“ principiT.

„vasalur“ qveynebTan dadebuli xelSekruleba iwyeboda xelSekrulebis damdebi xeTebis mefis SesavliT, romelSic aRiniSneboda xelSekrulebis damdebi ori qveynis urTierTobaTa winaistoria. Semdeg ki gadmoicemoda ZiriTadi daniSnuleba xelSekrulebisa: dapyrobili qveynis mefe vadlebulebas iRebda regularulad miewodebina xeTebisaTvis damxmare meomari razmebi (sabrZolo etlebTan erTad). sistematurad exada xarki, droulad ecnobinebina xeTebis mefisTvis mtris moulodneli gamoCena, anda SeTqmuleba, uyoymanod daebrunebina xeTebisTvis ltolvilni da a. S. Tavisi mxridan xeTebis mefe valdebulebad iRebda daxmareboda „vasals“ mtris gamoCenisas. xelSek-rulebaSi xSirad moxmobili iyvnen RvTaebani, mohyavdaT wyevlis formula da a.S.

paritetis sawyisebze Sedgenili xelSekrulebis nimuSad unda CaiTvalos xaTusili III–sa da faraon ramses II–s Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba, romelic istoriaSi erT–erTi adreuli samSvidobo xelSekruleba unda iyos (g. giorgaZe, „Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis qrestomaTia“, Tbilisi 1990, gv. 192–193).

warmogidgenT xeT mefeTa savaraudo sias. vnaxoT, am CamoTvlil mefeTagan romeli mefis mier Sedegenili xelSekrulebebi mogvepoveba:

xeT mefeTa sia

mefe	mefobis wlebi	xelSekruleba
(TuTxalia I.)	daaxl. 1700
(fu-Saruma)	daaxl. 1675
(fafadilmax)	daaxl. 1669
labarna I.	daaxl. 1650
labarna II./ xaTusili I.	daaxl. 1650-1620
mursili I.	1620-1590
xanTili (I.)	1590-1560
cidanTa (I.)	daaxl. 1550
amuna	1540-1520
xucia (I.)	1520-1510
Telifinu	1510-1485
Taxurvaili	daaxl. 1480?
aluvamna	1470-1460
(xanTili II.)
(cidanTa II.)
(xucia II.)
muvaTali I. ?
TuTxalia II.	daaxl. 1445	qicuvaTna
arnuvanda I.	1400-1370
xaTusili II	daaxl. 1440
TuTxalia III.	1430-1400
sufiluliuma I.	1370-1340	miTani, xaiasa, ugariti, amuru, nuxaSe
arnuvanda II	1339
mursili II.	1339-1310	amuru, ugariti, hafala, mira-quvalia, sexas mdinare
muvaTali II.	1310-1285	vilusa, alepo
urxiTeSubi=mursiliIII.	1285-1280
xaTusili III.	1280-1250	amuru, egvipte,
qurunTa
TuTxalia IV.		amuru
xaTusili III.	1250-1225	TarxunTasa
arnuvanda III.	1225-1210
sufiluliuma II.	1210-1190

Tu davakvirdebiT am cxrils, vnaxavT, rom xelSekrulebebs xeTebi „Sua samefos“ periodidan debdnen. Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom unda arsebuliyo agreTve „Zveli samefos“ droindeli dokumentebic, romlebmac, Cvenamde ver moaRwia.