Sesavali
CvenTvis cnobili yvela epoqis saxelmwifoebisa Tu samTavroebis arsebobis
periodSi, maT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi umTavresi adgili ekava sagareo politikis
sakiTxebs. mezobel qveynebTan diplomatiuri Tu savaWro-ekonomiuri urTierToba did
gavlenas axdenda qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebze, anu, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, sagareo politika, urTierToba istoriis yovel periodSi saxelmwifos
arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi ganmsazRvreli piroba iyo. Tuki qveyanas TavisaTvis
xelsayreli urTierToba hqonda damyarebuli mezobel, an misi interesebis sferoSi
Semaval saxelmwifosTan, iqneboda igi ufro Zlieri, misi toli Tu xelqveiTi, maSin
qveyanaSi, Tu samudamod ara, droebiT mainc myardeboda mSvidobianoba, rac, Tavis
mxriv, xels uwyobda ara mxolod ekonomikis aRmavlobasa da sazogadoebrivi
struqturebis gamyarebas, aramed, swored am dros viTardeboda da maRal safexurs
aRwevda adamianis sulieri Tu esTeturi aRzrda, ganaTleba, ixveweboda xelovnebis
esa Tu is dargi, mecniereba da a.S.
Cveni mizani iyo sagareo politikis zogadi
formebis fonze gangvexila Zveli aRmosavleTis ori didi imperiis – xeTebisa da
egviptelTa urTierTobis sami etapis - omis, samSvidobo xelSekrulebisa da
dinastiuri qorwinebis wyaroebis Targmanebi, romlebic gvacnoben msoflio istoriis
sagareo politikis uadres werilobiT nimuSebs da riTac saSualeba gveZleva
gavecnoT msoflio istoriaSi sagareo politikis warmoebis uadres formebs.
egvipte
Zv.
w. meore aTaswleulis Sua saukuneebis, kerZod ki, Zv. w. XIV saukunis Zveli
egviptis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri situacia yvelaze kargad da naTlad aisaxa
Tel-el-amarnas diplomatiur arqivSi. masSi Sesuli dokumentebi Sedgenilia Tixis
firfitebze aqaduri lursmuli damwerlobiT. isini Seicaven Zv. w. XIV saukunis
istoriul teqstebs da, rac CvenTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania – diplomatiuri
mimoweris dokumentebs.
im
istoriul periodSi, romelic asaxulia Tel-el-amarnas arqivSi, egvipte
warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze Zlevamosil da gavlenian qveyanas Zvel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi,
romlis Tanaswori saxelmwifo Tavdapirvelad mxolod miTani da kasituri babiloni
unda yofiliyo. mogvianebiT gaZlierda asureTi, romelic am droisaTvis
gaTavisuflda ra miTanisa da babilonis qveSevrdomobidan, pretenzia ganacxada
Seesrulebina maTTan Tanaswori roli saxelmwifoTaSoris politikaSi. xolo egvipteSi
amenxotep IV-is mbrZaneblobis dros mcire aziaSi mniSvnelovnad daiwyo gaZliereba
xeTis samefom: xeTebis mefe sufiluliuma I-s saxiT egviptes saSiSi mowinaaRmdege
gauCnda, radgan xeTma mefem, imis Semdeg, rac daipyro miTanis samefo, daiwyo
faraonTa siriul samflobeloSi SeWra da ganizraxa maTi gandevna am teritoriidan.
sufiluliumas aseTi agresiuli moqmedeba safuZvlianad uTxrida Zirs egviptis hegemonobas
wina aziaSi.
egvipte
am periodisaTvis aziaSi flobda sam did regions, e.w. „provinciebs” – amurus, ubes da
qanaans. amurus provinciaSi Sedioda CrdiloeT siriisa da finikiis ramdenime
regioni. ubes provincia mdebareobda samxreT siriaSi, md. iordanemde da mis
mTavar centrad q. kumidu iTvleboda. faraonebi am regionebSi gzavnidnen TavianT
warmomadgenlebs, romelTa mTavars „Teqanu“ (aqadurad - „meTvalyure“) erqva. maT
ekisrebodaT daqvemdebarebuli olqebis perioduli Semovla da qveynis mTavrebs
Soris atexil uTanxmoebaTa mowesrigeba. am adgilobriv mTavrebs aqadurad „rabicu“
ewodebodaT da maTi funqciebi umTavresad sasamarTlo da samxedro saqmianobiT
ganisazRvreboda. es mTavrebi, bunebrivia, egviptis interesebs icavdnen. maT
unda SeetyobinebinaT faraonisaTvis qalaqTa mmarTvelebis yoveli moqmedeba,
egviptis winaRmdeg galaSqrebis mcdeloba da a.S. amas garda, es moxeleebi
sardlobdnen siriaSi mdgar egviptur garnizonebs – fexosan da etlosan laSqars. am
faqtebidan gamomdinare, kargad Cans, rom „rabicuTa“ xeliT egvipte akontrolebda
situacias wina aziis teritoriaze arsebul sakuTar samflobeloSi.
xeTis samefos gaZlierebisa da
CrdiloeT siriaSi fexis mokidebis sapirispirod, egviptis batonoba siriasa da
finikiaSi nel-nela sustdeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom ramdenime sirieli mTavari
jer kidev inarCunebda egviptis erTgulebas, am ukanasknelis avtoriteti im
droisaTvis ukve mTels axlo aRmosavleTSi dacemuli iyo. egvipteli faraonebi
iZulebulni xdebodnen, fuliT moesyidaT sirieli mmarTvelebi. magram am
droisaTvis, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mcire aziaSi sagrZnoblad gaZlierda xeTebis
samefo da maT SeZles daekavebinaT egviptis mflobelobaSi arsebuli ramdenime
qalaqi Tu olqi. amenxotep IV-m ki, romelic dakavebuli iyo qveynis saSinao
problemebiT (atarebda farTo religiur reformebs), ver moaxerxa ewarmoebina
aqtiuri sagareo politika da sakadrisi winaaRmdegoba gaewia xeTebisaTvis.
amasobaSi ki xeTebma aiRes
qalaqi katni, romlis mTavari akizi ase mimarTavda egviptis faraons: „o,
Cemo meufev, rogorc damasko miapyrobs xelebs Seni fexebisken, ise katnac
miapyrobs xelebs Seni fexebisken“. magram xeTebis samefo ukve imdenad
gaZlierda, rom egvipte mas veRarafers mouxerxebda. egviptis dasustebiT isargebles
agreTve xabirus[1]
tomebma da xelT igdes palestinis is mxareebi, romlebic winaT egviptes
ekuTvnoda. am ambis Sesaxeb biblosis mTavari rib-adi faraons atyobinebda: „mas
Semdeg, rac mamaSeni siriidan wavida, mxareebi xabirus xelqveiT aRmoCndneno“.
xeTebis samefo
imisaTvis, rom naTeli
warmodgena Segveqmnas CvenTvis saintereso periodSi xeTebis samefos saSinao Tu
sagareo politikur mdgomareobaze, SevecadoT cotaTi ukan davixioT da Tvali
gadavavloT wina saukuneebSi qveyanaSi Seqmnil situacias: Zveli samefos mTeli
istoriis manZilze xeTma mmarTvelebma ver moaxerxes didebulTa damarcxeba da
erTmmarTveliani saxelmwifos Seqmna. es moxerxda mxolod axali samefos (e.w.
„imperiis“ epoqis) periodSi, romelic Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi daiwyo. am xanaSi
xeTma mefeebma SeZles TavianTi batonobis gaZliereba qveynis SigniT da misi
erTpirovnuli mmarTvelebi Seiqmnen. amasTan erTad, gaizarda maTi Zlevamosili
gavlena qveynis sazRvrebs gareTac. xeTebi awarmoebdnen dapyrobiT omebs TavianT
mezobel qveynebTan. jer kidev Zv. w. XVII saukuneSi mursili I-ma daipyro da
gaZarcva babiloni. sufiluliuma I-ma (Zv. w. 1380-1340) da misma vaJma - mursili
II-m (Zv. w. 1339-1306) kidev ufro gazardes xeTebis samefos sazRvrebi.
mursili II-m Tavis memkvidres,
muvaTalis, ukve Zlevamosili imperia dautova, romelic garSemortymuli iyo
vasaluri samefo-samTavroebiT. axali mefis taxtze asvlisaTvis ukve aranairi
areuloba aRar sufevda qveyanaSi. ideboda xelSekrulebebi vasalur samefoebTan
dasavleTiT Tu aRmosavleTiT. amis Semdeg muvaTalim gadawyvita bedi ecada qveynis
samxreTiTac. xeTebis gavlena TandaTan Zlierdeboda siriaSi. ugaritis saxelmwifo,
romelic adre egviptes eqvemdebareboda, Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi ukve xeTebis Zlier
gavlenas ganicdida. tvirosi, ugariti da siriisa zogierTi qalaqi egviptelebisgan
gandgomasa da xeTebis mimxrobas amjobinebda. amgvarad, Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi
egviptem TiTqmis mTlianad dakarga Tavisi miwebi siriaSi.
magram yovelive amis
miuxedavad, mecxramete dinastiis faraonebma mainc moaxerxes egviptis sagareo
mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da TavianTi gavlenis sferos dabrunebisaTvis xeTebis
winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas Seecadnen.
kadeSis brZola
msxvili qalaqi kadeSi mdebareobda
ubes olqSi, orontis dablobze (Tan. siria). igi erT-erT im mniSvnelovan gzaze iyo,
romelic finikiis sanapiros, palestinasa da sirias SuamdinareTis qveynebTan
akavSirebda. md. orontze misi aseTi moxerxebuli geografiuli mdebareobiT
ixsneboda swored siriis sxva qalaqebis daintereseba kadeSiT.[2]
rodesac faraonebma egviptidan
hiqsosebi gandevnes, maT kadeSi daikaves. mogvianebiT, kadeSis mmarTveli
aiTakama xeTebis mxares gadavida da xelSekruleba dado sufiluliumasTan egviptis
winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg sufiluliuma ubes olqs Tavis daqvemdebarebul regionad
Tvlida. es faqti, ra Tqma unda, saxarbielo perspeqtivas ar usaxavda egviptis
faraon ramses II-s. mas ar undoda Tavisi poziciebis daTmoba Crd. siriaSi da
amis gamo Zv. w. 1312 wels egviptelebsa da xeTebs Soris Setakeba moxda q.
kadeSTan.
kadeSis brZolis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs sami egvipturi wyaro:
1.
egvipteli mwerlis – pentauras
poeturi aRweriloba;
2.
luqsorSi, rameseumsa (Tebe) da
abusimbelSi daculi prozauli cnoba;
3.
luqsorSi, abusimbelSi,
rameseumsa da abidosSi gamokveTili reliefebi mokle warwerebiT.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa zemoTxsenebuli rigiT meore wyaro,
radgan igi yvelaze naTlad gvixatavs am brZolis mimdinareobas. rogorc fiqroben,
xeTebis laSqari 20-30 aTasi meomrisa da 350 etlisagan Sedgeboda. aranaklebi
Zalisa unda yofiliyo egviptis jaric, romelsac TviTon faraoni ramses II (Zv. w.
1317-1251) xelmZRvanelobda. muvTalis laSqari Sedgeboda vasaluri da mokavSire
qveynebisgan Semdgari meomrebisagan. es vasaluri qveynebi unda yofiliyvnen:
arcavas did gaerTianebaSi Semavali qveynebi, xeTebis mokavSireebi
samxreT-dasavleT mcire aziidan: masas, qarqisas, luqas xalxi, dardanebi,
agreTve siriaSi arsebuli vasaluri qveynebis – qargamiSis, xalfas, kadeSis,
nuxaSis meomrebi, aseve qicuvaTnas, qasqas, miTanis xalxi.[3]
ramses II q. kadeSSi dabanakda, sadac, misi azriT, xeTebis laSqari unda
yofiliyo ganlagebuli. xeTebma mas jaSuSebi gaugzavnes, romlebmac egviptelebs
acnobes, TiTqos xeTebi CrdiloeTisaken miemarTebodnen. maSin ramses II-m
gadawyvita qalaqis aReba, magram xeTebis laSqari axlos iyo Casafrebuli, isini
gars Semoertynen egviptelebs da alyaSi moaqcies. ramses II-m Tavisi mamacobisa
da gmiruli bunebis meSveobiT moaxerxa alyis garRveva, magram mainc ver SeZlo
xeTebis damarcxeba da qalaqis aReba. rac Seexeba xeTebs, TumcaRa maT Crdilo
siriaze pozicia ar daukargavT, magram maT verc ufro samxreTiT gaweva moaxerxes.
brZola amis Semdeg ar gagrZelebula da maT Soris zavi daido.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es brZola dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili abu simbelSi
(nubia), rameseumsa da luqsorSi (Tebe) taZarTa kedlebze gamosaxul ieroglifur
warwerebSi.
teqstis Sinaarsi agebulia
Semdegnairad:
- TariRi;
- banaki kadeSis samxreTiT;
g. xeTebis mefis meTvalyureebi faraons cru cnobebs aZleven;
d. laSqarTa ganlageba;
e. Sepyrobili xeTi mzveravebi amcnobeb faraons xeTebis laSqris
ganlagebis sqemas;
v. samxedro TaTbiri;
z. xeTebi moulodnelad esxmian Tavs egviptelebs;
T. faraoni arRvevs alyas.
„weli mexuTe, mesame Tve, dRe mecxre. goras didebisas, Zlieri kurosi,
maatis[4] sayvarlisa, zemo da qvemo egviptis mefis, ramses II-si, romelsac
sicocxle eboZa.
misi udidebulesoba imyofeboda jaxiSi[5],
Tavisi meore Zlevamosili laSqrobis dros. kadeSis samxreT maRlobebze dRe
dgeboda, rodesac gaTenda, misi udidebulesoba gamoCnda, msgavsad mzis sxivebisa,
aisxa man mamamisis montus samkauli.
misi udidebulesoba CrdiloeTiT gaemgzavra, misma udidebulesobam miaRwia
qalaq Satbunis samxreTs.[6]
movida ori Sasu[7]
Sasus tomidan, raTa ecnobebinaT misi udidebulesobisTvis: „Cvenma Zmebma – tomis
beladebma, romlebic xeTas qveynis mTavarma daamarcxa, gamogvgzavnes mis
udidebulesobasTan, raTa Segvetyobinebina: Cven faraonis qveSevrdomebad gvinda viqceT,
dae iyos igi dRegrZeli, janmrTeli da uvnebeli. da Cven gvinda xeTas qveynis
gamarjvebul Tavads gaveqceT”.
misma udidebulesobam miugo maT: „sad arian Tqveni Zmebi (romlebmac)
gamoggzavnaT Tqven, misi udidebulesobisTvis rCevis misacemad?“. maT Seatyobines
mis udidebulesobas xeTas qveynis gamarjvebuli Tavadis adgilsamyofeli: xeTas
qveynis gamarjvebuli Tavadi imyofeba alepoSi[8],
rameTu ismina man, (rom) faraoni, dae iyos igi dRegrZeli, janmrTeli da
uvnebeli, samxreTiT gaemgzavra”.
sityva, romelic „Sasuebma” moaxsenes mis udidebulesobas, mcdari iyo, (maT
surdaT) daezveraT, Tu sad imyofeboda misi udidebulesoba da ar miecaT saSualeba
misi udidebulesobisTvis, momzadebuliyo xeTas qveynis Zlevamosil TavadTan
sabrZolvelad.
sanam Sasuebi gagzavnilni iyvnen xeTas qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadis mier,
raTa moexsenebinaT es sityva misi udidebulesobisTvis, im dros igi[9]
gaemarTa Tavis laSqarTan, Tavis samxedro etlebTan, xeTas qveynis sazRvrebSi
Semaval yvela qveynis didebulebTan erTad, im laSqriTa da etlebiT, romelic
wamoiyvana ZaliT, raTa SebrZoleboda mis udidebulesobas da moRalate kadeSis
misadgomebTan brZolisaTvis mzadyofnaSi gaCerda. xolo misma udidebulesobam es
ambavi ar icoda da Tqva: „gauSvan es ori Sasu, romlebic Cems winaSe arian”.
Semdeg gaemgzavra misi udidebulesoba CrdiloeTisaken da miaRwia kadeSis
Crdilo-dasavleTs, xolo misi udidebulesobis laSqari ganlagda banakis win.
rodesac misi udidebulesoba oqros taxtze ijda, eaxlnen misi
udidebulesobis dacvidan badragebi da moiyvanes xeTas qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadis
ori tyve badragi. isini aaxles (mas) da misma udidebulesobam miugo maT: „vin
xarT Tqven? maT upasuxes: „Cven xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadis didebulebi
varT da man gamogvgzavna, raTa dagvezvera, Tu sad imyofeboda misi
udidebulesoba”. miugo maT misma udidebulesobam: „sad aris igi, xeTis qveynis
Zlevamosili Tavadi? me Sevityve, rogorc amboben, igi unda imyofebodes alepos
qveyanaSi, Tunifis CrdiloeTiT”. maT miuges mis udidebulesobas: „Sexede, xeTis
qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadi TavisTan myof mravalricxovan qveynebTan erTad,
romlebic ZaliT warmotyvevna sxvadasxva olqebidan, da isini xeTis qveynis
sazRvrebs SigniTaa – qveyana naxarina, qaSqaSis qveyana, masas qveyana, fedasas
qveyana, qirqiSas da raqas qveynebi, qarxemiSis miwa, irzus miwa, iqeriCis
qveyana, alepos qveyana da qedis qveyana – isini ganlagdnen (sabrZolvelad). qceulni
arian fexosan da etlosan jarad... uTvalavia maTi ricxvi, viTarca qviSa napirze.
xedav, dganan isini, saomrad gamzadebulni, moRalate kadeSis misadgomebTan”.
maSin moiwvia misma udidebulesobam didebulebi da amcnoba yvelaferi, rac
Zlevamosili xeTi Tavadis badragebma uambes. uTxra maT misma udidebulesobam:
„SexedeT am garnizonebis ufrosebs da didebulebs, romelTa qveS faraonis miwaa...,
dae iyos igi dRegrZeli, janmrTeli da uvnebeli, rom xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili
Tavadi imyofeba alepos miwaze, Tunifas gverdiT da igi gaeqca mis
udidebulesobas, roca Seityo, rom ambobdnen: „misi udidebulesoba modis”. ase
eubnebodnen isini mis udidebulesobas yovel dRe: „xedavT, Sevityve me aw xeTis
qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadis tyve badragebisgan: xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili
Tavadi movida mravalicxovan qveynebTan erTad, romlebic masTan erTad arian,
uricxv xalxTan da cxenebTan erTad, msgavsad qviSisa”. SexedeT, dganan isini
moRalate kadeSis misadgomebTan. da ar macnobes (me es) ucxo qveynis mTavrebma
da uxucesebma, romlebic faraonis miwaze imyofebian”.
miuges didebulebma, romlebic misi udidebulesobis winaSe idgnen: „udidesi
danaSauli Caidines ucxo qveyanaTa mTavrebma da faraonis didebulebma, rodesac ar
Segatyobines is, rom xeTas qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadi imyofeba iqve, sadac
batonia, imis miuxedavad, rom isini yoveldRiurad awvdidnen mis udidebulesobas
cnobebs”.
maSin ubrZanes vezirs, aeCqarebina misi udidebulesobis laSqari, romlebic
midiodnen qalaq Sabtunis samxreTiT, raTa mieyvanaT isini iq, sadac misi
udidebulesoba imyofeboda.
swored maSin, rodesac misi udidebulesoba Tavis didebulT esaubreboda,
movida xeTas qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadi Tavis laSqarTan da etlebTan (da)
agreTve, masTan myof mravalricxovan qveynebTan erTad. maT gadaiares arxi, romelic
kadeSis samxreTiTaa da SeaRwies misi udidebulesobis laSqarSi maSin, rodesac igi
ar moeloda maT. maSin ukan daixia misi udidebulesobis laSqarma da etlebma im
adgilidan CrdiloeTisken, sadac imyofeboda misi udidebulesoba. xeTis qveynis
Zlevamosili Tavadis laSqari gars Semoertya mis udidebulesobis dacvas, romelic
masTan imyofeboda.
rodesac ixila isini misma udidebulesoba, aCqarda da gaSmagda, magavsad
mamamisisa, Tebes mbrZaneblisa, aisxa iaraRi, Caicva javSani. msgavsi iyo igi
baalisa, misi didebis Jams. maSin Seaxta
igi Tavis etls „gamarjveba TebeSi” da saswrafod Caudga (laSqars) saTaveSi. igi
SeiWra xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadis laSqrisa da masTan myofi uricxvi
qveynebis laSqris SuagulSi. misi udidebulesoba msgavsi iyo suxetisa, didebuli
ZaliT msgavsi iyo somxeTisa[10],
rodesac igi mrisxanebs. misi udidebulesoba klavda mters (e.i. laSqars) xeTis
qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadisas, Tavis mTavrebTan, ZmebTan, misi qveynis
didebulebTan erTad, romlebic man (e.i. xeTis mefem) Tan moiyvana, laSqriTa da
etlebiTurT - amarcxebda (faraoni) maT erTimeores miyolebiT. misi udidebulesoba
klavda maT iq, sadac isini imyofebodnen da ecemodnen isini, viTarca cxenebi.
misi udidebulesoba aumboxda xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili Tavadis (laSqars) da
isini cviodnen erTimeores miyolebiT orontis wyalSi.
davamarcxe me mTeli qveynebi, me, martom, rodesac mimatova Cemma
laSqarma da etlebma. arc erTi maTgani ar dabrunebula, vficav me, rogorc
vuyvarvar ras, rogorc mcems pativs mamaCemi atumi, rom yvelaferi, misi
udidebulesobis mier naTqvami, Sesrulda WeSmaritad laSqrisa da etlebis winaSe
(e.i. imaT pativsacemad)”.
kadeSis brZolis Semdeg, xeTis samefoSi nel-nela mSvidobianoba damyarda.
qveyanas marTavda niWieri politikosi, mursili II-s vaJiSvili, xaTusili III,
romelic unariani mmarTveli gamodga. man aRadgina dedaqalaqi xaTusa da sxva
qalaqebi, gaaumjobesa qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, moawesriga samefo
arqivebi, dedofal fuduxefasTan erTad gamosca axali religiuri da administraciuli
xasiaTis dadgenilebani.
amasTanave, xaTusili III-m sabolood gadaWra egviptesTan urTierTobis
sakiTxi mSvidobiani gziT. man ramses II-s elCebi gaugzavna da SesTavaza, daedoT
sazavo xelSekruleba. es winadadeba rogorc xeTebisTvis, ise egviptelebisTvisac
saxarbielo unda yofiliyo, radgan CrdiloeT mesopotamiSi asureTi Zlierdeboda da
dasavleTisken moiwevda.
es xelSekruleba daido ramses II-s mefobis 21-e wels, daaxl. Zv. w. 1296
w. igi istoriaSi erT-erT uZveles samSvidobo xelSekrulebadaa aRiarebuli.
xaTusili III-m am xelSekrulebis teqsti aqadur enaze Seadgina da igi vercxlis firfitaze
dawerli gaegzavna egviptis faraons.
ramses II-sa da xaTusili III-s
samSvidobo xelSekruleba
weli 21-e, peretis (drois) pirveli Tve, dRe 21-e zemo da qvemo egviptis
mefis usermaatra setepenris, ras Zis, ramses meriamunis didebisas, romelsac
saukunod eboZa maradiuli sicocxle, im dRes, rodesac misi udidebulesoba
imyofeboda qalaq perTan – ramses meriamunma ... movida mefis elCi, msmeneli...
mefis elCi... elCi xeTis qveynidan... teretsebi, meore elCi xeTis qveynidan –
ramsesi, elCi... mzrunavi xeTeserze[11],
vercxlis firfitiT, romelic daavala xeTis qveynis didebulma mmarTvelma, xeTeseri
sakvirveli, dRegrZeli, rom gamosTxovos mSvidoba didebulebas mefisa, zemo da
qvemo egviptisa, usermaatras, setepenras, ras Zes, ramsess, meriamuns, romelsac
eboZa cxovreba ukuniTi ukunisamde, rogorc mis mamas, ras, sayovelTaod. vercxlis
firfitis asli, romelic xeTis qveynis didebulma mbrZanebelma xeTeserma brZana
mierTmiaT faraonisTvis, dae iyos igi cocxali, uvnebeli, janmrTeli, tavisi
elCis, teretsebis xeliT, ramsesis elCis xeliT, raTa gamosTxovos mSvidoba mis
udidebulesobas (zemo da yvemo egviptis mefes, usermaatra setepenras), ras Zes,
ramses meriamuns, xelisufalTa kuros, romelic daadgens sazRvrebs Tavisi
survilisamebr nebismier qveyanaSi.
xelSekruleba, dadebuli xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis, xeTeseris
mier, Zlieris, merseris[12]
Zis, didebuli mmarTvelis, Zlieris, sepereras[13]
SviliSvilisa, xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis, Zlierisa, vercxlis firfitaze
usermaatra setepenras, egviptis didebuli mmarTvelis Zis, menpextiras, ramses
I-s, egviptis didebuli mmarTvelis, Zlieris, SviliSvils. mSvenieri xelSekruleba
mSvidobisa da Zmobisa, mSvidobis damdgeni... saukunod.
rac Seexeba momavals TviT maradiulobamde, rac Seexeba egviptis didebuli
mmarTvelisa da xeTis qveynis diadi mmarTvelis ganzraxvas, RmerTma nu qnas, ar
axdes xelSekrulebis Sesabamisi qmedeba maT Soris. xolo rac Seexeba imas, rac
moxda meCenras[14],
xeTis qveynis Zlieri mmarTvelis, ramses meriamunis winaaRmdeg, am dRidan
dawyebuli, xedav, xeTeserma dado xelSekruleba, ganzraxvis damamtkicebeli,
romelic daadgina ram, romelic daadgina sutexma, egviptis miwisaTvis da xeTis
qveynis miwisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom ar moxdes SuRli maT Soris saukunod. Sexede,
dado xeTeserma, xeTis qveynis didebulma mmarTvelma, xelSekruleba usermaatra
setepenrasTan, egviptis didad mmarTvelTan, am dRidan moyolebuli, raTa damyardes
mSvenieri mSvidoba da mSvenieri Zmoba maT Soris saukunod. igi ZmobaSia CemTan,
igi mSvidobaSia CemTan, me ZmobaSi var masTan, me mSvidobaSi var masTan. dae
iyvnen xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis SvilTaSvilebi Zmobasa da mSvidobaSi
ramses meriamunis, egviptis diadi mmarTvelis SvilTaSvilebTan, dae iyvnen isini
Cvens ganzraxvebSi Zmobaze, Cvens ganzraxvaSi mSvidobaze. dae iyos egviptis
miwa xeTis qveyanasTan mSvidobiT da ZmobiT, Cvens msgavsad saukunod. dae nu
Camovardeba SuRli maT Soris saukunod. dae nu daesxmis Tavs usermaatra
setepenra, egviptis didebuli mmarTveli xeTis qveyanas, raTa daipyros igi. rac
Seexeba dadasturebul xelSekrulebas, xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis sepereras
droidan, agreTve dadasturebul xelSekrulebas, xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis,
meCenras, Cemi mamis, droidan, me mas vicav. xedav, ramses meriamuni, egviptis
diadi mmarTveli, asrulebs mas... CvenTan erTad. am dRidan dawyebuli, vasrulebT Cven mas.
Cven vimoqmedebT am dadasturebuli ganzraxvis mixedviT. usermaatra setepenras,
egviptis didebuli mmarTvelis miwebis winaaRmdeg ukeTu sxva mteri wamova da igi
(e.i. usermaatra) gaugzavnis ustars xeTis qveynis didebul mmarTvels da
SeuTvlis: „gailaSqre Zlevamosili laSqriT CemTan erTad mis winaaRmdeg, maSin
xeTis qveynis Zlevamosili mmarTveli mova da xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTveli
gailaSqrebs masTan erTad, raTa gaanadguros yvela isini, romelTac gamoiwvies
risxva maT mimarT. ukeTu xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg
gailaSqrebs sxva mteri... da igi gaugzavnis ustars usermaatra setepenras,
egviptis didebul mmarTvels, maSin igi mova Zlevamosil laSqarTan erTad, raTa
daamarcxos misi mteri. ukeTu ramses meriamuni, egviptis didebuli mmarTveli, ar
moisurvebs Tavad gamovides sabrZolvelad, maSin igi... gagzavnis Tavis qveiT
jars da Tavis etlosnebs mbrZaneblad, raTa Seatyobinos dadebiTi pasuxi xeTis
qveynis didebul mmarTvels ustarze. ukeTu xeTis qveynis mmarTvelis msaxurebi
aRdgebian mis winaRmdeg, maSin ramses meriamuni... (mxars dauWers mas).
Sesabamisad imisa, rogorc SeTanxmdnen didebuli mmarTvelebi xeTis qveynisa da egviptis
miwisa, ukeTu xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTveli Sesabamisad ficisa ityvis:
„rodesac me Cems beds gavyvebi[15],
dae ramses meriamuni, egviptis didebuli mmarTveli, maradiulad cocxali, movides
xeTas qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis memkvidris dasaxmareblad... da ukeTu Seityobs
xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTveli, rac moimoqmedes maT imisaTvis, raTa igi (e.i.
dampyrobeli) gabatondes maTze (e.i. xeTebze), dae nu gaCumdeba usermaatra
setepenra, egviptis didebuli mmarTveli, ukunisamde da imis Semdeg, rac mas
(e.i. dampyrobels) gaaZeveben xeTis qveynidan, dae igi daubrundes xeTis qveynis
didebul mmarTvels. agreTve, ukeTu romelime didebuli adamiani gaiqceva egviptis
miwidan xeTis didebul mmarTvelTan, anda aziis romelime qalaqSi, romelic
ekuTvnis ramses meriamuns, egviptis didebuli mmarTvelis miwebs, ganudgeba
egviptes da isini mivlen xeTis qveynis didebul mmarTvelTan da xeTis qveynis
didebulma mmarTvelma dae ar miiRos isini, dae xeTis qveynis didebulma
mmarTvelma ubrZanos, rom mihgvaron isini egviptis didebul mmarTvel esermaatra
setepenras, maT batons, dae iyos is cocxali, uvnebeli, janmrTeli. ukeTu
gaiqceva erTi an ori adamiani, romlebsac ar icnoben, egviptis qveynidan da
isini mivlen xeTis qveyanaSi, dae mihgvaron isini ramses meriamuns, egviptis
didebul mmarTvels. anda ukeTu gaiqceva romelime didebuli adamiani xeTis
qveynidan da igi miva usermaatra setepenrasTan, egviptis didebul mmarTvelTan,
anda romelime adamiani qalaqidan, andac romelime adamiani soflis midamoebidan,
anda... xeTis qveynidan da isini mivlen ramses meriamunTan, egviptis didebul
mmarTvelTan, maSin dae ar miiRos isini usermaatra setepenram, egviptis
didebulma mmarTvelma, dae ubrZanos ramses meriamunma, egviptis didebulma
mmarTvelma, raTa mihgvaron isini xeTis qveynis didebul mmarTvels. rac Seexeba
xelSekrulebis am sityvebs, romelic dado xeTis qveynis didebulma mmarTvelma
ramses meriamunTan, egviptis didebul mmarTvelTan, romelic dawerilia vercxlis
firfitaze, rac Seexeba am sityvebs, xeTis qveynis RvTaebaTagan da qalRvTaebaTagan
aTasi RvTaeba da egviptis miwis RvTaebaTagan da qalRvTaebaTagan aTas
RvTaebasTan erTad – isini Cemi mowmeebi arian da adastureben am sityvebs...
ukeTu gaiqceva egviptis miwidan
erTi, an ori an sami kaci da isini mivlen xeTis qveynis mmarTvelTan, maSin dae
xeTis qveynis didebulma mmarTvelma Seipyros isini d dae brZanos, rom wauyvanon
isini ukan usermaatra setepenras, egviptis didebul mmarTvels, xolo rac Seexeba
im adamians, romelisac moiyvanen usermaatra setepenras, ramses meriamuns,
egviptis didebul mmarTvels, maSin dae ar aRiZras saqme mis winaaRmdeg misi
danaSaulisTvis, dae nu gaanadgureben mis saxls, mis colebs, mis Svilebs, dae nu
moklaven mas, dae nu xelyofen mis Tvalebs, mis yurebs, mis fexebs, dae nu
aRiZreba saqme misi raime danaSualisaTvis. zustad aseve, ukeTu gaiqceva xeTis
qveynidan kaci, iqneba es erTi, ori Tu sami, da isini mivlen usermaatra
setepenrasTan, egviptis didebul mmarTvelTan, dae ramses meriamunma, egiviptis
didebulma mmarTvelma, Seipyros isini da dae brZanos, raTa miuyvanon isini xeTis
qveynis didebul mmarTvels, da dae nu aRZravs xeTis qveynis didebuli mmarTveli
saqmes maT winaaRmdeg raime danaSaulisaTvis da dae ar gaanadguron misi saxli,
misi colebi, misi Svilebi, da dae ar moklan isini, ar xelyon misi yurebi, misi
piri, misi fexebi da dae ar aRZran saqme mis winaaRmdeg misi raime
danaSualisaTvis, msgavsad imisa, rac dawerilia vercxlis firfitis Suagulze.
firfitis wina mxareze gamosaxulia sutexis figura, romelic exveva... xeTis
qveynis didebul mmarTvels, garSemortymuls Tanmxlibi sityvebiT, kerZod ki: „sutexis
beWedi, cis mbrZaneblisa, am xelSekrulebis bewedi, dadebuli xeTeseris, xaTis
qveynis didebuli mmarTvelis, Zlieris, merseris, xeTas qveynis didebuli
mmarTvelis, Zlieris, vaJis mier.
am figuris CarCos SigniT
beWedia... sutexar, cis mbrZaneblis, is, rac aris firfitis meore mxaris
SuagulSi: didebuli qalbatonis – xeTis qveynis mmarTvel qalbatons,
gareSemortymuls Tanmxlebi sityvebiT, kerZod ki: „beWedi qalaq arinas pa-rasi,
miwis mbrZaneblisa, fuduxefas beWedi, xeTis qveynis mmarTveli qalbatonisa,
qicuvaTnas qveynis miwis qaliSvili, qalbatoni qalaq arinasi, miwis qalbatonisa,
qalRvTaebis mxaxurisa”. is, rac aris am figuris CarCos SigniT: qalaq arinas
pa-ras, mTeli miwis batonis beWedi“.
aseTia ramses II-sa da xaTusili
III-s Soris dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis egvipturi teqsti. samwuxarod,
misi aqaduri versia naklebadaa cnobili, magram, amis miuxedavad, es ori teqsti
erTi da igive xelSekrulebis Targmanebia. orive teqstSi erTi da igivea
aRniSnuli: ori qveynis mefeebsa da maT memkvidreebs Soris damyarda samSvidobo
xelSekruleba, damtkicda TavdacviTi kavSiri orive mxris sworuflebianobis
safuZvelze. es xelSekruleba agreTve gamoricxavda oms am or qveyanas Soris – arc
erT maTgans ar hqonda meore qveyanaSi SeWris ufleba, xolo Tu romelime maTgani
sxva qveyanasTan gamoacxadebda oms, meore mxare valdebulad Tvlida Tavs,
daxmareba aRmoeCina. rac Seexeba siriis miwebs – xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg
ZalaSi darCa misi adrindeli dayofa: egviptelebis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda
samxreT siria, xeTebis mflobelobaSi ki kvlavindeburad – CrdiloeT siria.
magram arsebobs erTi metad
sagulisxmo faqti: xelSekrulebis teqstis egvipturi versia bevrad ufro
dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems mis Sinaarss. teqstis ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqti mxolod
am versiaSi gvxvdeba, kerZod:
a.
mxolod egviptur versiaSi vpoulobT im cnobas, rom
xaTusili III-s karze Sedgenili da Semdeg vercxlis firfitaze Cawerili aqaduri
teqsti egviptis faraons „gansakuTrebulma saelCom“ miutana. es saelCo ki
Sedgeboda ori xeTi elCis – teretsebisa da ramesisa da erTi egviptelisagan;
b.
mxolod egviptur versiaSia moxseniebuli sufiluliumasa da
muvaTalis dros dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebani;
g. mxolod am versiaSia Semonaxuli winaaziur
RvTaebaTa da qalRvTaebaTa mravali saxeli, romlebic moixsenieba egviptur
RvTaebaTa Soris da isini xelSekrulebis garantis rols asruleben;
d. mxolod am versiaSia aRwerili da warmodgenili
xeTi mefisa da dedoflis sabeWdavebi, romelzec xeTi RvTaebani arian gamosaxulni.
egviptur teqstTan SedarebiT,
aqaduri lursmuli teqstis aseTi simcire aixsneba im faqtiT, rom am teqstma
Cvenamde Zlier dazianebuli saxiT moaRwia da saSualeba aq gvaqvs, Rrmad CavxedoT
da gavaanalizoT misi damtvreuli adgilebi. amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom
lursmuli teqsti aris ara Tavdapirvelad xaTusili III-s mier Sedgenili teqsti,
romelic Semdeg Seujerda egviptur variants da vercxlis firfitaze gadaiwera,
aramed igi unda iyos SemdgomSi, egvipteSi Sedgenili aqaduri versia, romelic
gadaiwera vercxlis firfitaze da, Tavis mxriv, gaegzavna xaTusili III-s.
egviptelma mTargmnelma-gadamwerebma, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen xaTusili
III-sgan gamogzavnili lursmuli teqstiT, mizezTa da mizezTa gamo, axali aqaduri
versia nawilobriv Seamokles, rogorc Cans, egviptis interesebidan gamomdinare.
sainteresoa agreTve is faqri,
rom, rogorc aqadur versiaSi, aseve egvipturSic, TiTqosda gamorCenilia erTi
punqti – ar ixsenieba is piroba, ris mixedviTac xaTusili III-s mxari unda
daeWira ramses II-s memkvidrisaTvis im dros, rodesac ramses II Tavis Tavze
iRebda, daxmareboda xaTusili III-s memkvidres Znelbedobis Jams. es viTareba
aixsneba imiT, rom ramses II xaTusili III-sagan gansxvavebiT, romlic samefo
taxtze qveyanaSi gadatrialebiT – urxi-TeSubis taxtidan Camogdebis gziT avida,
egviptis faraoni naklebad zrunavda Tavis vaJiSvilisTvis mmarTvelobis
ganmtkicebaze – ramses II-s dros egvipteSi Sinagani areuloba ar iyo, rasac
namdvilad verf vityviT xeTebis samefoze. egvipturi teqstis 21-e striqonSi
naTlad vxedavT, rom arsebobsa xaTusili III-sa da misi memkvidris winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli SesaZlebeli SeTqmulebis saSiSroeba.
rodesac egviptelebsa da xeTebs
Soris dadebul samSvidobo xelSekrulebas ganvixilavT, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos,
xaTusili III-s meuRle fuduxefas roli xeTis qveynis saSinao Tu sagareo politikaSi.
xeTis samefos arasdros ar hqonia iseTi megobruli urTierToba mezobel qveynebTan,
gansakuTrebiT ki – egviptestan, rogorc xaTusili III-s dros. boRazqois arqivSi
Semonaxul samefo korespondencias swored egviptesa da xeTis samefos Soris ramses
II-s droindeli mimowera Seadgens. sainteresoa, rom 27 werilidan 14-s
SemorCenili aqvs „gamgzavnisa“ da „adresatis“ saxelebi.
xaTusili III-sa da ramses II-s
Soris dadebul xelSekrulebaze xaTusili III-s beWdis garda gvxvdeba agreTve xeTi
dedoflis – fuduxefas piradi beWedic: „fuduxefas beWedi, xeTis qveynis mmarTveli
qalbatonisa, qicuvaTnas qveynis miwis qaliSvili, q. arinas, miwis qalbatonis,
qalRvTaebis msaxurisa“. misive beWdiTaa dabeWdili ugaritSi aRmoCenili werili.
cnobilia agreTve is faqti, rom ramses II xeTis qveyanaSi werilis ori pirs
gzavnida – meore ekuTvnoda dedofal fuduxefas. mas piradi urTierToba hqonda
egviptis faraonTan, qaliSvilis qorwinebis Taobaze da amis gamo igegmeboda
fuduxefas gamgzavreba amuruSi ramsesis gasacnobad, Semdgom ki – mefe-dedoflis
gamgzavreba egvipteSi.
zemoT ganxiluli xelSekrulebis
dadebiT samudamo mSvidobianoba damyarda or did imperias Soris. sul cota xanSi
ki – es urTierToba gamyarda dinastiuri qorwinebiT – ramses II-sa da xaTusili
III-s qaliSvils Soris.
ramses II-sa da xaTusili III-s qaliSvilis qorwineba
„...maSin Seamzada ramses II-m
Tavisi etlosani laSqari, raTa dartyma mieyenebina xeTis qveynisaTvis. daamarcxa
man igi, martod myofma, Tavisi laSqris meTaurobiT. Seiqmna man saxeli TavisTvis
saukunod Tavis sasaxleSi, daimaxsovres maT misi xelebis Zala. vinc mis xelebs
gadaurCa, isini araraobad aqcia. Zala misi maT Soris msgavsad CiraRdnisa... da
rodesac ganvlo mravalma welma da maTi qveyana iRupeboda da sustdeboda wlidan wlamde diadi cocxali RmerTis
Zalisagan, ori qveynis batonisa, cxra mSvildis mbrZaneblisa, zemo da qvemo
egviptis mefisagan, usermaatra setepenram, romelsac eboZa sicocxle, miswera
xeTis qveynis didebulma mmarTvelma, aSoSminebda ra mis udidebulesobas,
ganadidebda ra mis Zalas, warmoTqvamda ra ms gamarjvebas, eubneboda: „amaride
Seni risxva, gamacale Seni sasjeli, mogveci Tavisuflad amosunTqvis saSualeba.
Sen xom sutexis vaJi xar! moganiWa man xeTis qveyana. Cven saCuqrebs, rasac
moisurveb, mogarTmevT Sens pativcemul sasaxleSi. ai, Cven, Sen fexebTan varT,
gamarjvebulo mefev! yvelaferi ise SegvemTxva, rogorc Sendagviwese, zemo da
qvemo egviptis mefev, usermaatra setepenra, ras Zev, ramses meriamun, romelsac
eboZa sicocxle!“. da ugzavnida xeTis veynis didebuli mmarTveli werilebs, wlidan
wlamde SesTxovda Serigebas mis udidebulesobas, magram man arc erTxel ar miugdo
yuri. xolo rodesac dainaxes maT TavianTi qveyana aseT cudi mdgomareobSi myofi
ori miwis mbrZaneblis, zemo da qvemo egviptis, usermaatra setepenras, ras Zis,
ramses meriamunis Zalisagan, romelsac eboZa sicocxle, mimarTa xeTis qveynis
didebulma mmarTvelma Tavis meomrebs da Tavis didebulebs da ase miugo: „SexedeT!
Cveni qveyana gasaWirSia, xolo Cveni mbrZanebeli sutexi ganrisxebulia Cvenze.
ca ar gvigzavnis wvimas. mTeli qveynebi, SeerTebulni, Cvens winaaRmdeg ibrZvnian.
maS SevagrovoT Cven mTeli Cveni avladideba da dae Cemi ufrosi qaliSvili Caudges
mas saTaveSi. mivarTvaT ZRveni keTilSobil Rvtaebas, zemo da qvemo egviptis
mefes, usermaatra setepenras, ras Zes, ramses meriamuns, romelsac eboZa
sicocxle, raTa gviboZos man mSvidoba da SevZloT cxovreba“. da brZana man,
moeyvanaT misi ufrosi qaliSvili da masTan erTad saucxoo ZRveni oqrosi,
vercxlisa da uricxvi liTonebisa, monebi, cxenebi – uTvlelia maTi ricxvi.
xarebi, csxvrebi, Txebi – bolo ar uCanda im sagnebs, romlebic moitanes.
movida ucxo vinme, raTa
gaexarebina misi udidebulesobis guli da uTxra: “ai, mibrZana xeTis qveynis
didebulma mmarTvelma, raTa moegvaraT SenTvis misi ufrosi qaliSvili uricxv
ZRvenTan erTad, romelic Sedgeba didZali nivTebisagan. da isini Tan axlavs imas,
vinc mis saTaveSia – xeTis qveynis mmarTvel qalbatons xeTis qveynis
didebulebTan erTad, romlebsac moaqvT es yvelaferi. maT gadmoiares mravali mTa
da Zneli uReltexilebi, moaRwies Seni udidebulesobis sazRvrebs. dae gamoemarTnon
meomrebi da didebulebi maT Sesaxvedrad! o, mefev, zemo da qvemo egviptisa,
usermaatra setepenra, ras Zev, ramses meriamun! maSin misma udidebulesobam
gaixara da misi sasaxlec kmayofili iyo, rodesac Seityo aqamde egvipteSi ucnobi
saocari SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. maSin gagzavna man meomrebi da didebulebi maT
Sesaxvedrad. Semdeg daiwyo misma udidebuelsobam Tavis gulTan TaTbiri da
ambobda: „rogor iqnebian isini, vinc gavgzavne me elSebad siriaSi am wvimian da
Tovlian amindSi, zamTris wina periodSi rom aris xolme“. Semdeg mimarTa didebuli
msxverpli?? Tavis mama sutexs. da mimarTa man da uTxra: „ca Sens xelTaa, miwa
fexebTan gaqvs. yvelaferi, rasac Sen brZaneb, sruldeba. ar moavlino civi Tovli
da wvima manam, sanam ar moaRweven Cemamde is saocrebebi, romlebic CemTvis
arian gankuTvnilni“. da ismina mamamisma sutexma yvelaferi, rac Txova mas. da
iyo ca mSvidi da dadga zapxuli dReebi zamTarSi ise, rom didebulebma da
meomrebma mSvidobianad imogzaures, maTi sxeulebi gancxromaSi iyo, gulebi ki –
bednieri...
rodesac xeTis qveynis didebuli
mmarTvelis qaliSvilma moaRwia egviptes, misi udidebulesobis etlosnebi da
didebulebi Seerivnen xeTis qveynis etlosnebs. yveli iyo ise, viTarca egvipteli
meomari. purs Wamdnen da svamdnen, TiTqos hqondaT maT erTi guli, viTarca Zmebs
da aravin ar cxubobda Tavis mezobelTan. mSvidoba da Zmoba iyo maT Soris Tavad
RvTis nebiT. da im qveynis yvela didebuli mmarTveli, romelTa (qveynebic)
gamoiares, SekrTnen da Sebrundnen gakvirvebulni, rodesac ixiles xeTis qveynis
xalxi egviptis mefis meomrebTan SekavSirebulni“.
aseTi iyo egviptelebisa da
xeTebis urTierToba Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi, samSvidobo xelSekrulebisa da
dinastiuri qorwinebis Semdeg. Zveli samyaros am or imperias Soris samudamod
damyarda mSvidoba. rogorc Cans, ramses II-m ver SeZlo Tavisi sazRvrebis
gafarToeba siriaSi – siriisa da finikiis didi nawili kvlav xeTebs darCaT da
mxolod samxreT finikia aRmoCnda egviptelebis gavlenis sferoSi.
[1] termini „xabiru“ (Sum. LÚSA.GAZ) gvxvdeba rogorc Tel-el-amarnas arqivSi, aseve
xeTur da aqadur teqstebSi. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi gavrcelda mosazreba, rom igi
unda iyos ara eTnikuri, aramed socialuri termini. Tavdapirvelad igi
iTargmneboda, rogorc „ltolvili“, Semdgom dadginda, rom igi SeiZleba niSnavdes
agreTve „mZarcvels”, „yaCaRs” an „daqiravebul meomars”. es termini unda
yofiliyo im xalxis aRmniSvneli, romlebmac ama Tu im mizezis gamo miatoves
TavianTi qveyana, e.i. miiRes „ltolvilis” statusi da Seqmnes axali socialuri
dajgufebebi „yaCaRebisa” da „mZarcvelebisa”. xandaxan „xabirus” esa Tu is jgufi
romelime mmarTvelTan samxedro samsaxurs iwyebda, magram, radganac isini ucxo
tomelebi iyvnen, maTi meomari laSqari ufro dabali statusis mqone gaxldaT.
arsebobs agreTve mosazreba, rom „xabiru” niSnavs „udabnos mcxovrebs”.
[2] kadeSi iyo swored is
adgili, sadac egviptelebisa da xeTebis omidan 25 saukunis Semdgom Setakeba
moxda jvarosnebsa da il-
[4] simarTlis
qalRvTaeba
[5] finikiis
egvipturi dasaxeleba, masSi Sedioda agreTve libanisa da md. orontis dablobis
mimdebare olqebi.
[6] qalaqi
kadeSis samxreTiT. mogvianebiT moixsenieba, rogorc „rible.”
[7] „mamxilebeli“ – epiTeti azieli
momTabareebisa.
[8] qalaqi Crd. siriaSi, Sedioda egviptis
winaaRmdeg arsebul koaliciaSi.
[9] xeTas qveynis mefe
[10] omis
qalRmerTi, gamosaxuli iyo lomis TaviT, Tayvans scemen memfisSi.
[11] xaTusili III-ze
[12] mursili II
[13] sufiluliuma I
[14] muvaTalis
[15] gardavicvlebi
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